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  14   <h1>The rEFInd Boot Manager:<br />Installing rEFInd</h1>
  15
  16 <p class="subhead">by Roderick W. Smith, <a
  17 href="mailto:rodsmith@rodsbooks.com">rodsmith@rodsbooks.com</a></p>
  18
  19 <p>Originally written: 3/14/2012; last Web page update:
  20 11/8/2015, referencing rEFInd 0.10.0</p>
  21
  22
  23 <p>This Web page is provided free of charge and with no annoying outside ads; however, I did take time to prepare it, and Web hosting does cost money. If you find this Web page useful, please consider making a small donation to help keep this site up and running. Thanks!</p>
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 126
 127 <hr />
 128
 129 <p>This page is part of the documentation for the rEFInd boot manager. If a Web search has brought you here, you may want to start at the <a href="index.html">main page.</a></p>
 130
 131 <hr />
 132
 133 <div style="float:right; width:55%">
 134
 135 <p><b>Don't be scared by the length of this page!</b> Only portions of this page apply to any given user, and most people can install rEFInd from an RPM or Debian package in a matter of seconds or by using the <tt>refind-install</tt> script in minute or two.</p>
 136
 137 <p>Once you've obtained a rEFInd binary file, as described on <a href="getting.html">the preceding page,</a> you must install it to your computer's EFI System Partition (ESP) (or conceivably to some other location). The details of how you do this depend on your OS and your computer (UEFI-based PC vs. Macintosh). The upcoming sections provide details. See the Contents sidebar to the left for links to specific installation procedures. For most Linux users, an RPM or Debian package is the best way to go. If your Linux system doesn't support these formats, though, or if you're running OS X, using the <tt>refind-install</tt> script can be a good way to go. If you're using Windows, you'll have to install manually.</p>
 138
 139 <p class="sidebar" style="width:95%"><b>Important:</b> A rEFInd zip file, when uncompressed, creates a directory called <tt>refind-<i>version</i></tt>, where <tt><i>version</i></tt> is the version number. This directory includes a subdirectory called <tt>refind</tt> that holds the rEFInd binary along with another that holds documentation, as well as miscellaneous files in <tt>refind-<i>version</i></tt> itself. When I refer to "the <tt>refind</tt> directory" on this page, I mean the directory with that precise name, not the <tt>refind-<i>version</i></tt> directory that is its parent.</p>
 140
 141 </div>
 142
 143 <div class="navbar">
 144
 145 <h4 class="tight">Contents</h4>
 146
 147 <ul class="tight">
 148
 149 <li class="tight"><a href="#packagefile">Installing rEFInd using an RPM or Debian package file</a></li>
 150
 151 <li class="tight"><a href="#installsh">Installing rEFInd Using <tt>refind-install</tt> under Linux or Mac OS X</a>
 152
 153 <li class="tight"><a href="#manual">Installing rEFInd Manually</a>
 154
 155    <ul>
 156
 157    <li class="tight"><a href="#linux">Installing rEFInd Manually Using Linux</a></li>
 158
 159    <li class="tight"><a href="#osx">Installing rEFInd Manually Using Mac OS X</a></li>
 160
 161    <li class="tight"><a href="#windows">Installing rEFInd Manually Using Windows</a></li>
 162
 163    <li class="tight"><a href="#efishell">Installing rEFInd Manually Using an EFI Shell</a></ul></li>
 164
 165 <li class="tight"><a href="#naming">Alternative Naming Options</a>
 166
 167    <ul>
 168
 169    <li class="tight"><a href="#mvrefind">Using <tt>mvrefind</tt></li>
 170
 171    <li class="tight"><a href="#manual_renaming">Renaming Files Manually</li>
 172
 173    </ul></li>
 174
 175 <li class="tight"><a href="#upgrading">Upgrading rEFInd</a></li>
 176
 177 <li class="tight"><a href="#addons">Installing Additional Components</a></li>
 178
 179 <li class="tight"><a href="#sluggish">Fixing a  Macintosh Boot</a>
 180
 181    <ul>
 182
 183    <li class="tight"><a href="#shortform">Using the <tt>--shortform</tt> Option</a></li>
 184
 185    <li class="tight"><a href="#fallback">Using the Fallback Filename</a></li>
 186
 187    <li class="tight"><a href="#moving">Moving rEFInd to an HFS+ Volume</a></li>
 188
 189    <li class="tight"><a href="#clearing">Clearing the NVRAM Entries</a></li>
 190
 191    <li class="tight"><a href="#wakeprobs">Fixing Wake Problems</a></li>
 192
 193    <li class="tight"><a href="#nolinux">Fixing a Failure to Find Linux</a></li>
 194
 195    </ul></li>
 196
 197 <li class="tight"><a href="#winprob">Fixing Windows Boot Problems</a></li>
 198
 199 <li class="tight"><a href="#uninstalling">Uninstalling rEFInd</a>
 200
 201    <ul>
 202
 203    <li class="tight"><a href="#uinst_linux">Uninstalling rEFInd from Linux</a></li>
 204
 205    <li class="tight"><a href="#uinst_osx">Uninstalling rEFInd from OS X</a></li>
 206
 207    <li class="tight"><a href="#uinst_windows">Uninstalling rEFInd from Windows</a></li>
 208
 209    <li class="tight"><a href="#post_uninst">Post-Uninstallation Activity (UEFI-Based PCs)</a></li>
 210
 211 </ul></ul></li>
 212
 213 </div>
 214
 215 <a name="packagefile">
 216 <h2>Installing rEFInd Using an RPM or Debian Package File</h2>
 217 </a>
 218
 219 <p>I provide RPM and Debian package files for rEFInd; and starting with version 0.8.1, I'm maintaining an Ubuntu PPA for rEFInd. If you have a working RPM-based or Debian-based Linux installation that boots in EFI mode, using one of these files is likely to be the easiest way to install rEFInd: You need only download the file and issue an appropriate installation command. In some cases, double-clicking the package in your file manager will install it. If that doesn't work, a command like the following will install the RPM on an RPM-based system:</p>
 220
 221 <pre class="listing"># <tt class="userinput">rpm -Uvh refind-0.10.0-1.x86_64.rpm</tt></pre>
 222
 223 <p>On a Debian-based system, the equivalent command is:</p>
 224
 225 <pre class="listing"># <tt class="userinput">dpkg -i refind_0.10.0-1_amd64.deb</tt></pre>
 226
 227 <p>Either command produces output similar to that described for <a href="#installsh">using the <tt>refind-install</tt> script,</a> so you can check it for error messages and other signs of trouble. The package file installs rEFInd and registers it with the EFI to be the default boot loader. The script that runs as part of the installation process tries to determine if you're using Secure Boot, and if so it will try to configure rEFInd to launch using shim; however, this won't work correctly on all systems. Ubuntu 12.10 users who are booting with Secure Boot active should be wary, since the resulting installation will probably try to use Ubuntu's version of shim, which won't work correctly with rEFInd. The shim program provided with more recent versions of Ubuntu should work correctly.</p>
 228
 229 <a name="ppa">
 230 <p>If you're using Ubuntu, you should be able to install the PPA as follows:</p></a>
 231
 232 <pre class="listing">$ <tt class="userinput">sudo apt-add-repository ppa:rodsmith/refind</tt>
 233 $ <tt class="userinput">sudo apt-get update</tt>
 234 $ <tt class="userinput">sudo apt-get install refind</tt></pre></pre>
 235
 236 <p>The PPA version will update automatically with your other software, which you might or might not want to have happen. It's also built with GNU-EFI rather than with TianoCore. This last detail <i>should</i> have no practical effects, but it might be important if you've got a buggy EFI or if there's some undiscovered rEFInd bug that interacts with the build environment.</p>
 237
 238 <p>Since version 0.6.3, the installation script makes an attempt to install rEFInd in a bootable way even if you run the script from a BIOS-mode boot, and therefore the RPM and Debian packages do the same. I cannot guarantee that this will work, though, and even if it does, some of the tricks that <tt>refind-install</tt> uses might not persist for long. You might therefore want to use <tt><a href="#mvrefind">mvrefind</a></tt> to move your rEFInd installation to another name after you boot Linux for the first time from rEFInd.</p>
 239
 240 <p>Since version 0.6.2-2, my package files have installed the rEFInd binaries to <tt>/usr/share/refind-<tt class="variable">version</tt></tt>, the documentation to <tt>/usr/share/doc/refind-<tt class="variable">version</tt></tt>, and a few miscellaneous files elsewhere. (The PPA package omits the version number from the file paths.) Upon installation, the package runs the <tt>refind-install</tt> script to copy the files to the ESP. This enables you to re-install rEFInd after the fact by running <tt>refind-install</tt>, should some other tool or OS wipe the ESP or should the installation go awry. In such cases you can <a href="#installsh">use <tt>refind-install</tt></a> or <a href="#manual">install manually.</a></p>
 241
 242 <a name="installsh">
 243 <h2>Installing rEFInd Using <tt>refind-install</tt> under Linux or Mac OS X</h2>
 244
 245 <p class="sidebar"><b>Note:</b> If you're using a Macintosh, it's best to install rEFInd from OS X, if possible. In the past, the Mac's firmware was quirky enough that the Linux tools didn't always work reliably. The matter seems to have improved with recent versions of Linux tools, but I can't guarantee success if you use Linux for this task. There is one significant issue with OS X 10.11, though (see the next Warning sidebar).</p>
 246
 247 <p>If you're using Linux or Mac OS X, the easiest way to install rEFInd is to use the <tt>refind-install</tt> script. This script automatically copies rEFInd's files to your ESP or other target location and makes changes to your firmware's NVRAM settings so that rEFInd will start the next time you boot. If you've booted to OS X or in non-Secure-Boot EFI mode to Linux on a UEFI-based PC, <tt>refind-install</tt> will probably do the right thing, so you can get by with the quick instructions. If your setup is unusual, if your computer uses Secure Boot, or if you want to create a USB flash drive with rEFInd on it, you should read the <a href="#extra_installsh">extra instructions</a> for this utility.</p>
 248
 249 <p class="sidebar"><b>Warning:</b> OS X 10.11 ("El Capitan") implements a new feature called System Integrity Protection (SIP; aka "rootless" or "CSR"). When enabled, SIP prevents the final step of rEFInd installation&mdash;registering the boot loader with the firmware. Thus, to install rEFInd, you must either disable SIP or perform the installation from something other than your regular OS X installation. The <a href="sip.html">rEFInd and System Integrity Protection</a> page of this document describes the options.</p>
 250
 251 <p>By default, the <tt>refind-install</tt> script installs rEFInd to your disk's ESP. Under Mac OS X, you can instead install rEFInd to your current OS X boot partition by passing the script the <tt>--notesp</tt> option, or to a non-boot HFS+ partition by using the <tt>--ownhfs <tt class="variable">devicefile</tt></tt> option. Under either OS, you can install to something other than the currently-running OS by using the <tt>--root <tt class="variable">/mountpoint</tt></tt> option. (See <a href="#table1">Table 1</a> for details.)</p>
 252
 253 <p>Under Linux, <tt>refind-install</tt> will be most reliable if your ESP is already mounted at <tt>/boot</tt> or <tt>/boot/efi</tt>, as described in more detail in the <a href="#linux">Installing rEFInd Manually Using Linux</a> section. (If you installed Linux in EFI mode, chances are your ESP is properly mounted.) If your ESP is not so mounted, <tt>refind-install</tt> will attempt to locate and mount an ESP, but this action is not guaranteed to work correctly. If you run <tt>refind-install</tt> from a BIOS/legacy-mode boot, particularly on a computer that also runs Windows, you should be aware that the tricks the script uses to install itself from BIOS mode are rather delicate. You can convert to a more conventional configuration using the <a href="#mvrefind"><tt>mvrefind</tt> script</a> after you've booted in EFI mode.</p>
 254
 255 <p>Prior to version 0.8.4, <tt>refind-install</tt> installed rEFInd to the OS X root partition by default. I changed this because the default configuration for OS X 10.10 ("Yosemite") makes this placement unusable. Instead, <tt>refind-install</tt> now installs to the ESP under OS X, just as it does under Linux. <i>If you're upgrading a working install of rEFInd to the OS X root partition, it's best to pass the <tt>--notesp</tt> option to <tt>refind-install</tt>.</i> This option is described in more detail shortly.</p>
 256
 257 <p>A sample run under Linux looks something like this:</p>
 258
 259 <pre class="listing">
 260 # <tt class="userinput">./refind-install</tt>
 261 Installing rEFInd on Linux....
 262 ESP was found at /boot/efi using vfat
 263 Installing driver for ext4 (ext4_x64.efi)
 264 Copied rEFInd binary files
 265
 266 Copying sample configuration file as refind.conf; edit this file to configure
 267 rEFInd.
 268
 269
 270 Installation has completed successfully.</pre>
 271
 272 <p>The output under OS X is a bit different:</p>
 273
 274 <pre class="listing">
 275 $ <tt class="userinput">./refind-install</tt>
 276 Not running as root; attempting to elevate privileges via sudo....
 277 Password:
 278 Installing rEFInd on OS X....
 279 Installing rEFInd to the partition mounted at /Volumes/ESP
 280 Found suspected Linux partition(s); installing ext4fs driver.
 281 Installing driver for ext4 (ext4_ia32.efi)
 282 Copied rEFInd binary files
 283
 284 Copying sample configuration file as refind.conf; edit this file to configure
 285 rEFInd.
 286
 287
 288 WARNING: If you have an Advanced Format disk, *DO NOT* attempt to check the
 289 bless status with 'bless --info', since this is known to cause disk corruption
 290 on some systems!!
 291
 292
 293 Installation has completed successfully.
 294
 295 Unmounting install dir</pre>
 296
 297 <p>In either case, the details of the output differ depending on your existing configuration and how you ran the program. Unless you see an obvious warning or error, you shouldn't be concerned about minor deviations from these examples. If you run into such a situation, or if you want to install in an unusual way, read on....</p>
 298
 299 <p>Note that the change to an ESP location for rEFInd with version 0.8.4 means that, if you upgrade rEFInd from an earlier version, you may notice a rEFInd boot option in the rEFInd menu. This option will boot the old version of rEFInd (or the new one, if something went wrong and the old version continues to boot). You can rid yourself of the unwanted boot menu by deleting the old files or by using <tt>dont_scan_dirs</tt> or <tt>dont_scan_files</tt> in <tt>refind.conf</tt>. Before you do this, you should use rEFInd to identify the unwanted files&mdash;the filename and volume identifier appear under the icons when you highlight the option. You can then locate and delete them from within OS X. Before you delete the old files, though, you may want to copy over any changes you've made to the rEFInd configuration, icons, and other support files.</p>
 300
 301 <p>The <tt>refind-install</tt> script supports a number of options that can affect how it operates. For information on these options, consult the script's man page: Type <tt class="userinput">man refind-install</tt> if you installed rEFInd via an RPM or Debian package; or read it in <a href="refind-install.html">HTML form.</a></p>
 302
 303 <a name="manual">
 304 <h2>Installing rEFInd Manually</h2>
 305 </a>
 306
 307 <p>Sometimes the <tt>refind-install</tt> script just won't do the job, or you may need to install using an OS that it doesn't support, such as Windows. In these cases, you'll have to install rEFInd the old-fashioned way, using file-copying commands and utilities to add the program to your EFI's boot loader list. I describe how to do this with <a href="#linux">Linux</a>, <a href="#osx">OS X</a>, <a href="#windows">Windows</a>, and <a href="#efishell">the EFI shell.</a></p>
 308
 309 <a name="linux">
 310 <h3>Installing rEFInd Manually Using Linux</h3>
 311 </a>
 312
 313 <p>On a UEFI-based PC, you'll normally install rEFInd to the ESP, which is usually mounted at <tt>/boot/efi</tt>. You can verify that this is the case by using the <tt>df</tt> command:</p>
 314
 315 <pre class="listing">
 316 $ <b>df /boot/efi</b>
 317 Filesystem     1K-blocks  Used Available Use% Mounted on
 318 /dev/sda1         191284 16604    174681   9% /boot/efi
 319 </pre>
 320
 321 <p class="sidebar"><b>Note:</b> If you're running Linux on a Mac, I recommend you install rEFInd under OS X. The Mac's boot process deviates a bit from EFI standards, and older versions of <tt>efibootmgr</tt> didn't always work properly on Macs. This problem seems to have gone away with more recent versions of <tt>efibootmgr</tt>, but using OS X may still be more reliable. On the other hand, Apple's new (as of OS X 10.11) System Integrity Protection (SIP) feature blocks the use of <tt>bless</tt> under OS X and so prevents rEFInd installation. The <a href="sip.html">rEFInd and System Integrity Protection</a> page of this document covers how to overcome SIP and install rEFInd. One of these methods is to do the job from Linux.</p>
 322
 323 <p>This example shows that <tt>/dev/sda1</tt> is mounted at <tt>/boot/efi</tt>, which is a typical configuration. (The ESP can be on another disk or partition, but <tt>/dev/sda1</tt> is the most common place for an ESP.) If your output shows <tt>/boot</tt> or <tt>/</tt> under the <tt>Mounted on</tt> column, then your ESP isn't mounted. (An exception is if you're mounting the ESP at <tt>/boot</tt>. This is an unusual configuration. If you're using it, you can proceed, making suitable adjustments to subsequent commands.) If you get a <tt>df: `/boot/efi': No such file or directory</tt> error message, then the <tt>/boot/efi</tt> directory doesn't even exist. In such cases, you may need to jump through some extra hoops, as described on my <a href="http://www.rodsbooks.com/efi-bootloaders/installation.html">EFI Boot Loader Installation</a> page.</p>
 324
 325 <p>Assuming the ESP is mounted at <tt>/boot/efi</tt>, you can install the rEFInd files as follows (you must be <tt>root</tt> to issue these commands, or precede each of them with <tt><b>sudo</b></tt>):</p>
 326
 327 <ol>
 328
 329 <li>Type <tt><b>cp -r refind /boot/efi/EFI/</b></tt> from the <tt>refind-<i>version</i></tt> directory in which the <tt>refind</tt> directory exists. This copies all the files that rEFInd needs to work. Note that this includes <i>all</i> of rEFInd's drivers. This command also copies the rEFInd binaries as signed by me; if you prefer to re-sign the binaries yourself, you'll have to do so before or during the copy operation, as described on the <a href="secureboot.html">Managing Secure Boot</a> page.</li>
 330
 331 <li>Type <tt><b>cd /boot/efi/EFI/refind</b></tt> to change into rEFInd's new directory on the ESP.</li>
 332
 333 <li>Type <tt><b>rm refind_ia32.efi</b></tt> to remove the IA32 binary if you're using an <i>x</i>86-64 (64-bit) system; or type <tt><b>rm refind_x64.efi</b></tt> to remove the <i>x</i>86-64 binary if you're using an <i>x</i>86 (32-bit) system. (Note that you must keep the version that's the correct bit width for your EFI; if you've installed a 32-bit Linux on a 64-bit PC with a 64-bit EFI, you'd keep <tt>refind_x64.efi</tt>.</li>
 334
 335 <li>Optionally, type <tt class="userinput">rm -r drivers_ia32</tt> to remove the <i>x</i>86 drivers from an <i>x</i>86-64 system, or <tt class="userinput">rm -r drivers_x64</tt> to remove the <i>x</i>86-64 drivers from a 32-bit <i>x</i>86 system. You may also want to remove some or all of the drivers for the architecture you are using. If you don't need them, they'll slow down the start process, and worse, loading unnecessary drivers can cause some systems to hang or interfere with the drivers you do need. See the <a href="drivers.html">page on drivers</a> for more on this topic.</li>
 336
 337 <li>Rename the configuration file by typing <tt><b>mv refind.conf-sample refind.conf</b></tt>. Consult the <a href="configfile.html">Editing the rEFInd Configuration File</a> page for information on how to adjust your options.</li>
 338
 339 <p class="sidebar"><b>Weird:</b> A <a href="http://mjg59.dreamwidth.org/20187.html">bug exists</a> in some Lenovo computers (and perhaps in some others, too) that causes the firmware's boot manager to refuse to boot any boot loader that doesn't have the name <tt>Windows Boot Manager</tt> or <tt>Red Hat Enterprise Linux</tt>. If you have such a system, you must pass one of those names (in quotes) rather than <tt>rEFInd</tt> to <tt>efibootmgr</tt> via its <tt>-L</tt> option. This bug was reported to Lenovo in mid-November 2012, and by late 2013, at least some Lenovos were mercifully free of this bug.</p>
 340
 341 <a name="efibootmgr">
 342 <li>On a UEFI-based system, type <tt><b>efibootmgr -c -l \\EFI\\refind\\refind_x64.efi -L rEFInd</b></tt> to add rEFInd to your EFI's list of available boot loaders, which it stores in NVRAM. Adjust the path to the binary as required if you install somewhere else. You may also need to include additional options if your ESP isn't on <tt>/dev/sda1</tt> or if your configuration is otherwise unusual; consult the <tt>efibootmgr</tt> man page for details. You may need to install this program on some systems; it's a standard part of most distributions' repositories. Also, if you're installing in Secure Boot mode, you must normally register <tt>shim.efi</tt> rather than the rEFInd binary, and rename <tt>refind_x64.efi</tt> to <tt>grubx64.efi</tt>. Shim 0.7 and later enables you to keep rEFInd's usual name by adding a <tt>-u "shim.efi refind_x64.efi"</tt> option to your <tt>efibootmgr</tt> command line, though. Change the filenames to the ones used by your actual Shim and rEFInd binaries, respectively.</li>
 343 </a>
 344
 345 <li>If other boot loaders are already installed, you can use <tt>efibootmgr</tt> to adjust their boot order. For instance, <b><tt>efibootmgr -o 3,7,2</tt></b> sets the firmware to try boot loader #3 first, followed by #7, followed by #2. (The program should have displayed a list of boot loaders when you added yours in the preceding step.) Place rEFInd's number first to set it as the default boot program.</li>
 346
 347 </ol>
 348
 349 <p>Note the use of doubled-up backslashes (<tt>\\</tt>) rather than forward slashes (<tt>/</tt>) in the directory separators when using <tt>efibootmgr</tt>. This command will work on most systems that are already booted into EFI mode; however, it won't work if you're booted in BIOS mode. You may also need to add options if your ESP is in some unusual location or if your system is unusual in some way. Consult the <tt>efibootmgr</tt> man page if you need help.</p>
 350
 351 <p>On some systems, <tt>efibootmgr</tt> won't do what you expect. On such systems, you may have better luck renaming the rEFInd files, as described in the <a href="#naming">Alternative Naming Options</a> section.</p>
 352
 353 <a name="osx">
 354 <h3>Installing rEFInd Manually Using Mac OS X</h3>
 355 </a>
 356
 357 <p class="sidebar"><b>Warning:</b> OS X 10.11 ("El Capitan") implements a new feature called System Integrity Protection (SIP; aka "rootless" or "CSR"). When enabled, SIP prevents the final step of rEFInd installation&mdash;registering the boot loader with the firmware. Thus, to install rEFInd, you must either disable SIP or perform the installation from something other than your regular OS X installation. The <a href="sip.html">rEFInd and System Integrity Protection</a> page of this document describes the options. If you're an advanced enough user to be considering a manual rEFInd installation procedure, doing the job from the Recovery HD environment may be your best option.</p>
 358
 359 <p>Before installing rEFInd on a Mac, you must determine whether it uses a 32-bit or 64-bit EFI implementation. Most Intel-based Macs have 64-bit EFIs, so you should use the <tt>refind_x64.efi</tt> file with them; but very early Intel-based Macs have 32-bit EFIs (and sometimes 32-bit CPUs), which require the <tt>refind_ia32.efi</tt> file. You can determine whether your Mac needs the <i>x</i>86-64 or IA32 build by typing the following command in a Mac Terminal window:</p>
 360
 361 <pre class="listing">
 362 $ <b>ioreg -l -p IODeviceTree | grep firmware-abi</b>
 363 </pre>
 364
 365 <p>The result should include either <tt>EFI32</tt> or <tt>EFI64</tt>, indicating that you should use the <tt>refind_ia32.efi</tt> or <tt>refind_x64.efi</tt> binary, respectively.</p>
 366
 367 <p>You should also be aware of your OS X version and installation options. If you used whole-disk encryption (WDE) or a logical volume for installation, you <i>cannot</i> install to the OS X root partition; you <i>must</i> install to the ESP or to a separate HFS+ partition. WDE became an option with OS X 10.7 and logical volumes are the default in OS X 10.10. If in doubt, proceed with an installation to the ESP or to a separate HFS+ partition.</p>
 368
 369 <p class="sidebar"><b>Warning:</b> Numerous rEFIt bug reports indicate disk corruption problems on disks over about 500 GiB. <a href="https://sourceforge.net/tracker/?func=detail&aid=3218104&group_id=161917&atid=821764">This</a> report on the problem, and particularly the post by mic-marchen, suggests that the problem is related to a bug in OS X's <tt>bless</tt> utility, and particularly its <tt>--info</tt> option, that causes it to corrupt data on disks with 4 KiB sectors. These <i>Advanced Format</i> disks are becoming increasingly common, particularly at larger disk sizes. Therefore, I <i>strongly</i> recommend that you <i>not</i> type <tt class="userinput">sudo bless --info</tt> to check the status of your installation if you have such a disk, or even if you suspect you might have such a disk. (I've seen Advanced Format disks as small as 320 GB.)</p>
 370
 371 <p>The procedure for installing rEFInd on a Mac is similar to that for installing it under Linux, except that you must use the <tt>bless</tt> utility rather than <tt>efibootmgr</tt> to register the program with the firmware. Also, you'll probably have to mount your ESP manually, since that's not done by default under OS X. To be precise, you should follow these steps:</p>
 372
 373 <ol>
 374
 375 <li>Open a Terminal window in which you'll type the following
 376     commands.</li>
 377
 378 <li>If you want to install rEFInd on your ESP, you must first mount it. The
 379     easy way to do this is to use the <tt>mountesp</tt> script that comes
 380     with rEFInd. When you run it, the script should tell you where the ESP
 381     was mounted. You can do the job manually by typing <b><tt>mkdir
 382     /Volumes/ESP</tt></b> followed by <b><tt>sudo mount -t msdos
 383     /dev/disk0s1 /Volumes/ESP</tt></b>. Note that you may need to change
 384     <tt>/dev/disk0s1</tt> to something else if your ESP is at an unusual
 385     location. Type <tt class="userinput">diskutil list</tt> or use a tool
 386     such as my <a href="http://www.rodsbooks.com/gdisk/">GPT fdisk
 387     (<tt>gdisk</tt>)</a> to examine your partition table to find your ESP
 388     if necessary.</li>
 389
 390 <li>Type <b><tt>sudo mkdir -p /Volumes/ESP/efi/refind</tt></b> to create a
 391     suitable directory for rEFInd. If you want to place rEFInd on the OS X
 392     root partition, you should adjust the pathname appropriately, as in
 393     <tt>/efi/refind</tt>. Alternatively, you can use the Finder to create
 394     the directory.</li>
 395
 396 <li>Copy the files in the <tt>refind</tt> subdirectory of the rEFInd binary
 397     package to the like-named directory you've just created. You can do
 398     this in the Finder or by typing <b><tt>sudo cp -r refind/*
 399     /Volumes/ESP/efi/refind/</tt></b> in your Terminal window after
 400     changing into the rEFInd package's main directory.</li>
 401
 402 <li>Remove the file for the version of rEFInd you're not using, as in
 403     <b><tt>sudo rm Volumes/esp/efi/refind/refind_ia32.efi</tt></b> on a Mac
 404     with a 64-bit EFI or <b><tt>sudo rm
 405     /Volumes/ESP/efi/refind/refind_x64.efi</tt></b> on a Mac with a 32-bit
 406     EFI.</li>
 407
 408 <li>Optionally, remove the drivers directory for the architecture you're
 409     not using&mdash;<tt>/Volumes/ESP/efi/refind/drivers_ia32</tt> or
 410     <tt>/Volumes/ESP/efi/refind/drivers_x64</tt>, as appropriate. You may
 411     also want to remove some or all of the drivers for the architecture you
 412     are using; if you don't need them, they'll slow down the start process.
 413     See the <a href="drivers.html">page on drivers</a> for more on this
 414     topic. Note that Apple's firmware includes its own HFS+ driver, so the
 415     HFS+ driver provided with rEFInd is useless on Macs.</li>
 416
 417 <li>If this is your first installation, type <b><tt>sudo mv
 418     /Volumes/ESP/efi/refind/refind.conf-sample
 419     /Volumes/ESP/efi/refind/refind.conf</tt></b> (adjusting the path as
 420     necessary) to rename the sample configuration file so that it will
 421     serve as a real configuration file. (Again, you can do this with the
 422     Finder, if you prefer.)</li>
 423
 424 <li>"Bless" rEFInd by typing one of the following two commands:
 425     <ul>
 426     <li>If you're installing rEFInd on the ESP, type <tt
 427         class="userinput">sudo bless --mount /Volumes/ESP --setBoot --file
 428         /Volumes/ESP/efi/refind/refind_x64.efi --shortform</tt>, adjusting
 429         the mount point and exact path to the file as appropriate for your
 430         installation.</li>
 431     <li>If you're installing rEFInd to an ordinary HFS+ volume, type <tt
 432         class="userinput">sudo bless --setBoot --folder /efi/refind --file
 433         /efi/refind/refind_x64.efi</tt>. (Adjust the path and filename as
 434         necessary if you're placing rEFInd somewhere else or using the
 435         32-bit version.)</li>
 436     </ul>
 437     This is the step that's likely to fail if your system is booted
 438     with SIP active.</li>
 439
 440 <li>If you don't want to reboot immediately after installing rEFInd, you
 441     may optionally unmount the ESP by typing <tt class="userinput">sudo
 442     umount /dev/disk0s1</tt> or <tt class="userinput">sudo umount
 443     /Volumes/ESP</tt>. This step isn't strictly required, but if you want
 444     to keep the ESP out of your directory tree, it can be useful.</li>
 445
 446 </ol>
 447
 448 <p>When you reboot, your Mac should bring up the rEFInd menu, and should continue to do so thereafter. If you make changes that break this association, you can re-run the <tt>bless</tt> command (if necessary, restoring the rEFInd files first). This might be necessary after installing system updates from Apple or if you upgrade rEFInd to a newer version.</p>
 449
 450 <p>If you're replacing rEFIt, you may discover that rEFInd works on the first boot, but the system reverts back to rEFIt or a direct boot to OS X on the second boot. To fix this problem, you can remove the rEFItBlesser program, which is located at <tt>/Library/StartupItems/rEFItBlesser</tt>. This program attempts to keep rEFIt set as the default boot loader, but it also has the purpose of protecting the computer from launching the wrong OS after waking from sleep. If you want that protection, my suggestion is to install rEFIt and rEFItBlesser and then replace the <tt>refit.efi</tt> file with <tt>refind_x64.efi</tt> or <tt>refind_ia32.efi</tt> (renaming it to <tt>refit.efi</tt>). Used in this way, rEFInd will still look for its own configuration file, <tt>refind.conf</tt>, so you'll need to move it but <i>not</i> rename it. If you don't move the icons from the rEFInd package, your icons will continue to look like rEFIt icons, and you'll be missing the new icons for specific Linux distributions that rEFInd provides. One final caveat: It's conceivable that rEFItBlesser is what's causing filesystem corruption for some users, so if you've been having this problem with rEFIt, it might be worth disabling this program and not using it with rEFInd.</p>
 451
 452 <p>If you want to remove rEFInd from your system, you can delete its files. The Mac will revert to booting using whatever standard boot loader it can find. Alternatively, you can use <tt>bless</tt> to bless another EFI boot loader. The GUI Startup Disk utility in System Preferences provides a simplified interface that enables you to select which OS X installation to boot, but it doesn't look for non-Apple boot loaders, so you can't use it to enable rEFInd.</p>
 453
 454 <a name="windows">
 455 <h3>Installing rEFInd Manually Using Windows</h3>
 456 </a>
 457
 458 <p class="sidebar"><b>Warning:</b> Windows 8 implements a fast shutdown feature that helps speed up shutdown and startup operations on a single-boot computer. Unfortunately, this feature can cause filesystem corruption if it's used on a multi-boot computer. You can disable the feature by launching an Administrator Command Prompt window and typing <tt class="userinput">powercfg /h off</tt> in it.</p>
 459
 460 <p>I know relatively little about Windows EFI management tools; however, I do know that at least two relevant tools exist: the standard <tt>bcdedit</tt> and the third-party <i>EasyUEFI.</i></p>
 461
 462 <p>The <a href="http://www.easyuefi.com/index-us.html">EasyUEFI tool</a> is a free (as in beer) GUI tool for managing EFI boot programs. I've only tried it once, and it seemed fairly intuitive and easy to use, but I don't have detailed instructions on how to use it. If you want to use EasyUEFI, you'll have to use it in place of <tt>bcdedit</tt> at the end of the following procedure.</p>
 463
 464 <p class="sidebar"><b>Caution:</b> I've received reports that Windows 10 has made changes that make the following instructions not work. If you're using this OS, until I have a chance to investigate and update these instructions, your best bet may be to install rEFInd using a Linux live disk, such as an Ubuntu installation disk in its "try before installing" mode.</p>
 465
 466 <p>Attempt this method of installation only on a UEFI-based PC; this method will not work on Windows that's installed on a Mac in BIOS/CSM/legacy mode. To install rEFInd under Windows, you must first find a way to access the ESP, which Windows normally hides from view. One way to accomplish this goal, and to proceed forward once the ESP is accessible, is as follows:</p>
 467
 468 <ol>
 469
 470 <li>Locate Command Prompt in the Start menu, right-click it, and select Run as Administrator. This action opens a Command Prompt window with administrative privileges.</li>
 471
 472 <li>Type <b><tt>mountvol S: /S</tt></b> in the Administrator Command Prompt window. This makes the ESP accessible as drive <tt>S:</tt> from that window. (You can use a drive identifier other than <tt>S:</tt> if you like.)</li>
 473
 474 <li>Change into the main rEFInd package directory, so that the <tt>refind</tt> subdirectory is visible when you type <b><tt>dir</tt></b>.</li>
 475
 476 <li>Type <b><tt>xcopy /E refind S:\EFI\refind\</tt></b> to copy the <tt>refind</tt> directory tree to the ESP's <tt>EFI</tt> directory. If you omit the trailing backslash from this command, <tt>xcopy</tt> will ask if you want to create the <tt>refind</tt> directory. Tell it to do so.</li>
 477
 478 <li>Type <b><tt>S:</tt></b> to change to the ESP.</li>
 479
 480 <li>Type <b><tt>cd EFI\refind</tt></b> to change into the <tt>refind</tt> subdirectory</li>
 481
 482 <li>You may want to selectively delete some of the drivers in the <tt>drivers_x64</tt> or <tt>drivers_ia32</tt> directory, depending on your architecture and needs. Unnecessary drivers will slow the rEFInd start process, and can even cause the drivers you need to not work or cause a system crash. See the <a href="drivers.html">page on drivers</a> for more on this topic.</li>
 483
 484 <li>Type <b><tt>rename refind.conf-sample refind.conf</tt></b> to rename rEFInd's configuration file.</li>
 485
 486 <p class="sidebar"><b>Note:</b> I've heard from a couple of Windows 10 users that the <tt>bcdedit</tt> commands described here don't work. I don't yet know if this is a coincidence or if Microsoft has changed <tt>bcdedit</tt> in such a way that these instructions no longer apply. If you run into this problem, either try using EasyUEFI or use another installation method, such as the <a href="#linux">Linux method</a> from a Linux emergency boot disc.</p>
 487
 488 <li>Type <b><tt>bcdedit /set {bootmgr} path \EFI\refind\refind_x64.efi</tt></b> to set rEFInd as the default EFI boot program. Note that <tt>{bootmgr}</tt> is entered as such; that's not a notation for a variable. Also, change <tt>refind_x64.efi</tt> to <tt>refind_ia32.efi</tt> on systems with 32-bit EFIs. Such computers are rare, and most of them are tablets. Check your Windows bit depth to determine which binary you should use.</li>
 489
 490 <li>If you like, type <b><tt>bcdedit /set {bootmgr} description "<i>rEFInd description</i>"</tt></b> to set a description (change <tt><i>rEFInd description</i></tt> as you see fit).</li>
 491
 492 </ol>
 493
 494 <p>At this point, when you reboot, rEFInd should appear as your new default boot program. If it doesn't work for you, you have several other options, such as:</p>
 495
 496 <ul>
 497
 498 <li>You can rename files on the ESP. as described later, in <a href="#naming">Alternative Naming Options.</a></li>
 499
 500 <li>You can boot from an optical disc into an emergency OS to do the job. Ubuntu, for instance, provides an EFI-bootable installer with a "try before installation" mode. You'll need to type <b><tt>sudo apt-get install efibootmgr</tt></b> to install <tt>efibootmgr</tt>, but you can then use that program as described <a href="#efibootmgr">earlier</a>. (If you're using Ubuntu, you'll need to precede the command with <b><tt>sudo</tt></b>. If you use an Ubuntu image, you can install rEFInd <a href="#ppa">via its PPA,</a> which is an easy way to do the job. (In fact, the rEFInd PPA depends on the <tt>efibootmgr</tt> package, so you shouldn't need to manually install it.) The PPA approach may even be easier than installing from Windows using its tools, at least if you're familiar with Linux and have an Ubuntu desktop image handy.</li>
 501
 502 <li>You may be able to use rEFInd's bootable CD image to use rEFInd to boot an OS that's been installed but rendered inoperable because of changes to your boot order. You can then use <tt>efibootmgr</tt>, <tt>bless</tt>, or some other tool to restore rEFInd as the default boot loader.</li>
 503
 504 </ul>
 505
 506 <a name="efishell">
 507 <h3>Installing rEFInd Manually Using an EFI Shell</h3>
 508 </a>
 509
 510 <p class="sidebar"><b>Warning:</b> Do not attempt to use the procedure described in this section on a Macintosh. Macs have a strange EFI implementation that does not use the EFI variables that this procedure manipulates. Therefore, chances are this procedure simply won't work. It's conceivable that this procedure will actually cause problems, but I'm not curious enough to try it and risk damaging my Mac!</p>
 511
 512 <p>If you can't currently boot any OS (say, because a firmware update has wiped your NVRAM entries), you may find it convenient to install rEFInd using an EFI version 2 shell. Unfortunately, the <tt>bcfg</tt> command described here is not available in the EFI version 1 shell, and the version 2 shell is unusable on many firmware implementations prior to 2.3.1. Thus, this procedure won't work for all systems.</p>
 513
 514 <p>In addition to emergency situations, using <tt>bcfg</tt> can be desirable if <tt>efibootmgr</tt> or other OS-hosted tools don't do the job. This happens under VirtualBox, for instance. An alternative in such cases can be to use <a href="#naming">alternative names for rEFInd.</a></p>
 515
 516 <p>To begin, you must have a way to launch your shell. Unfortunately, this can pose a dilemma, since without rEFInd or some other boot manager, many EFI implementations lack the means to launch a shell. Some will do so, though, if the shell is stored as <tt>shellx64.efi</tt> (for <i>x</i>86-64) or <tt>shellia32.efi</tt> (for <i>x</i>86) in the root directory of the ESP. Thus, you can try copying your shell file there. You can obtain EFI 2 shells here:</p>
 517
 518 <ul>
 519
 520 <li><a href="https://edk2.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/edk2/trunk/edk2/ShellBinPkg/UefiShell/X64/Shell.efi"><i>x</i>86-64 (64-bit) shell 2</a></li>
 521
 522 <li><a href="https://edk2.svn.sourceforge.net/svnroot/edk2/trunk/edk2/ShellBinPkg/UefiShell/Ia32/Shell.efi"><i>x</i>86 (32-bit) shell 2</a></li>
 523
 524 <li><a href="http://dl.dropbox.com/u/17629062/Shell2.zip">Alternate <i>x</i>86-64 (64-bit) shell 2 for older EFIs</a></li>
 525
 526 </ul>
 527
 528 <p>Note that the IA32 shell included in rEFInd's CD-R image version is a version 1 shell, so you can't use it for this purpose. You can, however, copy rEFInd's files from the CD-R. You can even launch the version 1 shell included with rEFInd and then use that to launch a version 2 shell. The <i>x</i>86-64 shell on the CD-R is the alternate shell, which should work on any <i>x</i>86-64 computer. Once you've booted the shell, you can proceed as follows:</p>
 529
 530 <ol>
 531
 532 <li>If you haven't installed rEFInd previously, unpack its zip file to a
 533     FAT partition. This can be the ESP itself or another partition, such as
 534     a USB flash drive. If you're simply repairing a lost NVRAM entry, you
 535     needn't move your existing rEFInd files.</li>
 536
 537 <li>Identify your filesystems, which are labelled with the form <tt>fs<tt
 538     style="variable">n</tt>:</tt>, as in <tt>fs0:</tt> for the first
 539     filesystem, <tt>fs1:</tt> for the second, and so on. Type the
 540     filesystem number followed by the Enter key to begin using it. You can
 541     then type <tt class="userinput">ls</tt> or <tt
 542     class="userinput">dir</tt> to see the contents of the filesystem.
 543     Chances are your ESP will be <tt>fs0:</tt>, but it could be something
 544     else. (The following steps assume your ESP is <tt>fs0:</tt>; you'll
 545     need to adjust them if it's not.) If rEFInd's source files are on
 546     another device, you must identify it, too.</li>
 547
 548 <p class="sidebar"><b>Note:</b> Skip ahead to step #12 if you're merely re-activating an already-installed rEFInd binary. If an entry exists but it's no longer the primary one, you can skip ahead to step #14.</p>
 549
 550 <li>If necessary, create a directory for rEFInd by typing <tt
 551     class="userinput">mkdir fs0:\EFI\refind</tt>. (If the <tt>fs0:\EFI</tt>
 552     directory doesn't already exist, you must create it first,
 553     though.)</li>
 554
 555 <li>Change to the directory in which rEFInd's files exist.</li>
 556
 557 <li>Type <tt class="userinput">cp refind_x64.efi fs0:\EFI\refind</tt> to
 558     copy the rEFInd binary file. (Adjust the name if you're using a 32-bit
 559     computer.)</li>
 560
 561 <li>Type <tt class="userinput">cp refind.conf-sample
 562     fs0:\EFI\refind\refind.conf</tt> to copy and rename the sample rEFInd
 563     configuration file.</li>
 564
 565 <li>Type <tt class="userinput">cp -r icons fs0:\EFI\refind\</tt> to copy
 566     rEFInd's icons.</li>
 567
 568 <li>Optionally, type <tt class="userinput">cp -r drivers_x64
 569     fs0:\EFI\refind\</tt> to copy rEFInd's 64-bit drivers. (You could
 570     instead copy the 32-bit drivers or limit yourself to just the drivers
 571     you need, of course.)</li>
 572
 573 <li>Type <tt class="userinput">fs0:</tt>, if necessary, to change to the
 574     ESP.</li>
 575
 576 <li>Type <tt class="userinput">cd \EFI\refind</tt> to change to rEFInd's
 577     installation directory.</li>
 578
 579 <li>If you want to edit rEFInd's options, type <tt class="userinput">edit
 580     refind.conf</tt> and use the shell's built-in text editor to do so.
 581     Press F2 followed by the Enter key to save your changes and F3 to
 582     exit.</li>
 583
 584 <li>Type <tt class="userinput">bcfg boot dump -b</tt> to see a list of
 585     existing NVRAM entries. Pay attention to their numbers (labelled
 586     <tt>Option:</tt> and <tt>Variable:</tt>, with the latter number
 587     preceded by the string <tt>Boot</tt>, as in <tt>Boot0007</tt>). You'll
 588     want to create a boot entry for rEFInd using a number that's not in
 589     use.</li>
 590
 591 <li>Type <tt class="userinput">bcfg boot add 3
 592     fs0:\EFI\refind\refind_x64.efi "rEFInd"</tt>, adjusting the number
 593     (<tt>3</tt> in this example), filesystem (<tt>fs0:</tt>), and filename
 594     (<tt>\EFI\refind\refind_x64.efi</tt>) as necessary for your system. If
 595     you're used to Linux, be sure to use backslashes (<tt>\</tt>), not
 596     Linux-style forward slashes (<tt>/</tt>), as directory separators. Note
 597     that some shells may ignore the number you entered and use another one,
 598     so watch for this possibility.</li>
 599
 600 <li>Type <tt class="userinput">bcfg boot mv <i>3</i> 0</tt>, substituting
 601     the option number for the entry you created for <tt
 602     class="variable">3</tt>. This moves rEFInd to the top of the boot
 603     order.</li>
 604
 605 <li>Type <tt class="userinput">reset</tt> to reboot the computer.</li>
 606
 607 </ol>
 608
 609 <p>With any luck, rEFInd will start up at this point. If not, you can check your settings using a shell or an emergency system for your OS of choice. In an EFI shell, you might type <tt class="userinput">bcfg boot dump -b</tt> to view your boot loader entries and verify that rEFInd appears at the top of the list. Be sure to check the pathname for typos. If you continue to have problems, you might look into giving rEFInd a <a href="#naming">fallback filename</a> that your firmware will recognize.</p>
 610
 611 <a name="naming">
 612 <h2>Alternative Naming Options</h2>
 613 </a>
 614
 615 <p>Some EFI implementations do a poor job of honoring the boot options set via Linux's <tt>efibootmgr</tt> or other tools. You may also lack access to such utilities, such as if you must install rEFInd in Windows. In such cases, you may need to change the boot loader's name so that the EFI will see it as the default boot loader. rEFInd should then boot when your NVRAM lacks information on specific boot loaders to use. Broadly speaking, there are two alternative names that are most useful:</p>
 616
 617 <ul>
 618
 619 <li><tt class="userinput">EFI/BOOT/boot<i>arch</i>.efi</tt>&mdash;This name
 620     is the official EFI fallback filename. It's most commonly used on
 621     bootable removable disks, but it can be used on hard disks. It's
 622     typically used only if no NVRAM entry points to a valid boot
 623     loader.</li>
 624
 625 <li><tt class="userinput">EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi</tt>&mdash;This
 626     filename has no official special standing in the EFI specification, but
 627     as a practical matter, many EFI implementations use it as a fallback
 628     boot loader in addition to or instead of
 629     <tt>EFI/BOOT/boot<i>arch</i>.efi</tt>. In fact, some give it such a
 630     high precedence that you can't boot anything that's not given this
 631     name!
 632
 633 </ul>
 634
 635 <p>If you need to use one of these names, or something more exotic, you can do so in either of two ways: You can <a href="#mvrefind">use the <tt>mvrefind</tt> script</a> to move your installation in one step, or you can <a href="#manual_renaming">move and rename your files manually.</a></p>
 636
 637 <a name="mvrefind">
 638 <h3>Using <tt>mvrefind</tt></h3>
 639 </a>
 640
 641 <p>The easiest way to move a rEFInd installation, at least in Linux, is to use the <tt>mvrefind</tt> script. If you installed from one of my RPM or Debian packages, this script should be installed in <tt>/usr/sbin</tt>, so you can use it like a regular Linux command; otherwise you'll need to install it to your path yourself or type its complete path. Either way, it works much like the Linux <tt>mv</tt> command, but you pass it the directory in which a rEFInd installation appears and a target location:</p>
 642
 643 <pre class="listing">
 644 # <tt class="userinput">mvrefind /boot/efi/EFI/BOOT /boot/efi/EFI/refind</tt>
 645 </pre>
 646
 647 <p>This example moves rEFInd from <tt>/boot/efi/EFI/BOOT</tt> to <tt>/boot/efi/EFI/refind</tt>. It differs from <tt>mv</tt> in several ways:
 648
 649 <ul>
 650
 651 <li>The script renames rEFInd in a way that's sensitive to its source and
 652     destination directories&mdash;for instance, <tt>mvrefind</tt> knows
 653     that rEFInd (or shim, for Secure Boot installations) must be called
 654     <tt>bootx64.efi</tt> on a 64-bit installation in
 655     <tt>/boot/efi/EFI/BOOT</tt>, so it looks for rEFInd under that name
 656     when copying from this directory, or it renames rEFInd to that name
 657     when copying to it.</li>
 658
 659 <li>The script creates a new NVRAM entry for rEFInd when it copies to any
 660     location but <tt>EFI/BOOT</tt> or <tt>EFI/Microsoft/Boot</tt>. It
 661     refuses to copy to such locations if it's not run from an EFI-mode
 662     boot.</li>
 663
 664 <li>The script knows enough to back up existing boot loaders stored in
 665     <tt>EFI/BOOT</tt> or <tt>EFI/Microsoft/Boot</tt> when copying to these
 666     locations. For the former location, the script backs up
 667     <tt>EFI/BOOT</tt> as <tt>EFI/BOOT-rEFIndBackup</tt>; for the latter, it
 668     moves <tt>EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi</tt> to
 669     <tt>EFI/Microsoft/bootmgfw.efi</tt>.</li>
 670
 671 </ul>
 672
 673 <p>The <tt>mvrefind</tt> script is likely to be useful in resolving boot problems&mdash;if your system won't boot, you can try copying the installation to <tt>/boot/efi/EFI/BOOT</tt>, <tt>/boot/efi/EFI/Microsoft/Boot</tt>, and <tt>/boot/efi/EFI/refind</tt> in turn, testing the boot process after each attempt. (These filenames all assume your ESP is mounted at <tt>/boot/efi</tt>.) You could also copy a BIOS-mode install from <tt>/boot/efi/EFI/BOOT</tt> or <tt>/boot/efi/EFI/Microsoft/Boot</tt> to <tt>/boot/efi/EFI/refind</tt> to make it more robust against Windows repairs (assuming your firmware isn't broken).</p>
 674
 675 <a name="manual_renaming">
 676 <h3>Renaming Files Manually</h3>
 677 </a>
 678
 679 <p>You can move and rename rEFInd manually from any OS by following these steps:</p>
 680
 681 <ol>
 682
 683 <li>Access your ESP, as described in earlier sections.</li>
 684
 685 <li>Look for an existing directory called <tt>EFI/BOOT</tt> or <tt>EFI/Microsoft/Boot</tt>. If neither of these directories exist, skip the next step. (Note that FAT is case-insensitive, so the name may vary in case.)</li>
 686
 687 <li>Rename the existing directory or boot loader file to something else. For <tt>EFI/BOOT</tt>, try renaming it to <tt>EFI/Oldboot</tt>. For <tt>EFI/Microsoft/Boot</tt>, move or rename the <tt>bootmgfw.efi</tt> file it contains. For instance, you can move it to <tt>EFI/Microsoft</tt>. This will keep the boot loader accessible to rEFInd's menu, while preventing the firmware from launching it automatically.</li>
 688
 689 <li>Rename/move your <tt>EFI/refind</tt> directory to <tt>EFI/BOOT</tt>. If you're working from <tt>EFI/Microsoft/Boot</tt>, you should move the contents of your rEFInd directory to <tt>EFI/Microsoft/Boot</tt>.</li>
 690
 691 <li>Rename <tt>EFI/BOOT/refind_x64.efi</tt> to the name of the boot loader it's replacing&mdash;it should become <tt>EFI/BOOT/bootx64.efi</tt> or <tt>EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi</tt>.</li>
 692
 693 </ol>
 694
 695 <p>When you reboot, rEFInd should come up. With any luck, it will detect your old boot loader as an option, if one was installed before.</p>
 696
 697 <a name="upgrading">
 698 <h2>Upgrading rEFInd</h2>
 699 </a>
 700
 701 <p>If you've installed an earlier version of rEFInd, you can upgrade a bit more easily than you can install directly:</p>
 702
 703 <ul>
 704
 705 <li>On a UEFI-based PC, under any OS, you should be able to replace your
 706     old rEFInd file with the new one. Make sure that the new rEFInd has the
 707     same name as the old one, and that it's for the correct CPU type. Since
 708     UEFI launches boot programs by filename, a simple file replacement will
 709     suffice to launch the new version. If the new version includes new
 710     icons, you may want to copy some or all of them.</li>
 711
 712 <li>On a Mac, you can copy over the old rEFInd binary file <i>from
 713     Linux</i> and it will usually work, provided you copy <i>directly</i>
 714     over the old file (rather than rename or delete the old file and then
 715     copy the new one in its place). The same caveats about icons as apply
 716     to UEFI-based PCs apply in this case. This method requires an extra
 717     step in Mac OS X, though....</li>
 718
 719 <li>In OS X, if you copy over the original file with the new one, you'll
 720     probably have to re-bless it to make it work.</li>
 721
 722 <li>Under Linux or OS X, you can re-run the <tt>refind-install</tt> script. In
 723     most cases this works fine, but you'll end up with a duplicate of the
 724     icons directory (<tt>icons-backup</tt>, which holds the original icons,
 725     whereas <tt>icons</tt> holds the icons from the new package). Normally
 726     this just wastes some disk space; but if you've customized your icons,
 727     you'll need to copy your altered icons back. Under Linux, versions
 728     0.6.2 and later of <tt>refind-install</tt> search for rEFInd in several
 729     locations on the ESP, and will upgrade whatever is found. The same is
 730     true with versions 0.8.5 and later under OS X when installing to the
 731     ESP. If you install to a location other than the ESP under OS X, be
 732     sure to include the same option to <tt>refind-install</tt>
 733     (<tt>--notesp</tt> or <tt>--ownhfs</tt>) to replace the original rather
 734     than create a new installation to the ESP.</li>
 735
 736 <li>Under an RPM- or Debian-based Linux distribution, you can use your
 737     package system to install a newer version of the RPM or Debian package
 738     that I provide. This will upgrade the files in your Linux filesystem
 739     and re-run the <tt>refind-install</tt> script, so as with the previous
 740     options, you'll waste a little disk space on duplicated icons, but the
 741     process should otherwise work quite well.</li>
 742
 743 <li>If you installed using my Ubuntu PPA or a package provided by an OS
 744     distribution (such as the packages that ship with Arch and ALT Linux),
 745     performing a system update will probably update rEFInd, too. Depending
 746     on how the package was created, though, this update might or might not
 747     install the update to the ESP; you might need to manually re-run the
 748     installation script. Consult your distribution's documentation for
 749     details. My Ubuntu PPA will automatically run <tt>refind-install</tt> after
 750     the package is installed.</li>
 751
 752 </ul>
 753
 754 <p>In all cases, if the new version includes new or altered configuration file options, you may need to manually update your configuration file. Alternatively, if you've used the default configuration file, you can replace your working <tt>refind.conf</tt> with <tt>refind.conf-sample</tt> from the rEFInd zip file. (When using <tt>refind-install</tt>, this file will be copied to rEFInd's installation directory under its original name, so you can rename it within that directory to replace the old file.)</p>
 755
 756 <p>If you're upgrading to rEFInd from rEFIt, you can simply run the <tt>refind-install</tt> script as described earlier or perform a manual installation. Once installed, rEFInd will take over boot manager duties. You'll still be able to launch rEFIt from rEFInd; a rEFIt icon will appear in rEFInd's menu. You can eliminate this option by removing the rEFIt files, which normally reside in <tt>/EFI/refit</tt>.</p>
 757
 758 <a name="addons">
 759 <h2>Installing Additional Components</h2>
 760 </a>
 761
 762 <p>rEFInd includes the ability to launch any EFI program; however, rEFInd detects only certain programs. These include boot loaders in traditional locations and a handful of other programs. To launch most of these other programs, you must download and install them separately from rEFInd:</p>
 763
 764 <ul>
 765
 766 <li><b><a
 767     href="http://tianocore.git.sourceforge.net/git/gitweb.cgi?p=tianocore/edk2;a=blob_plain;f=EdkShellBinPkg/FullShell/X64/Shell_Full.efi;hb=HEAD"><tt>shell.efi</tt></a></b>&mdash;This
 768     file, placed in the ESP's <tt>EFI/tools</tt> directory, adds the
 769     ability to launch a text-mode EFI shell from rEFInd. Note that the
 770     download link is to a 64-bit binary that must be renamed before rEFInd
 771     will recognize it. Additional shell download links appear on the <a
 772     href="https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Unified_Extensible_Firmware_Interface#UEFI_Shell_download_links">Arch
 773     Linux wiki,</a> and on other sites; try a Web search if the shell you
 774     find doesn't work to your satisfaction.</li>
 775
 776 <li><b><a
 777     href="http://www.memtest86.com/download.htm">Memtest86</a></b>&mdash;This
 778     is a popular tool for performing basic hardware tests, and especially
 779     memory tests. rEFInd recognizes this program when it is stored in the
 780     <tt>EFI/tools</tt>, <tt>EFI/tools/memtest</tt>,
 781     <tt>EFI/tools/memtest86</tt>, <tt>EFI/memtest</tt>, or
 782     <tt>EFI/memtest86</tt> directory, with a program filename of
 783     <tt>memtest86.efi</tt>, <tt>memtest86_x64.efi</tt>,
 784     <tt>memtest86x64.efi</tt>, or <tt>bootx64.efi</tt>. (Change
 785     <tt>x64</tt> to <tt>ia32</tt> on IA-32 systems.) Be sure to download
 786     the EFI version of the program. If you get the USB flash drive version,
 787     you should mount the flash drive's ESP (partition 2) and copy the
 788     <tt>EFI/BOOT</tt> directory to your own ESP's
 789     <tt>EFI/tools/memtest</tt> or other Memtest86 directory name, as just
 790     specified. rEFInd should then recognize it, provided the
 791     <tt>showtools</tt> line includes the <tt>memtest</tt> or
 792     <tt>memtest86</tt> token.</li>
 793
 794 <li><b><tt>gptsync.efi</tt> or <tt>gptsync_<tt
 795     class="variable">arch</tt>.efi</tt></b>&mdash;This program creates a <a
 796     href="http://www.rodsbooks.com/gdisk/hybrid.html">hybrid MBR</a> from
 797     your regular GPT disk. A hybrid MBR is a dangerous hack that enables
 798     Windows and OS X to coexist on a Macintosh disk. If you're using a
 799     UEFI-based PC, a hybrid MBR is likely to be useless at best, so you
 800     shouldn't create one, and it's safest to not install
 801     <tt>gptsync.efi</tt>. If you're using a hybrid MBR to enable
 802     dual-booting Windows and OS X on a Mac, though, placing this program
 803     file in the ESP's or Mac boot partition's <tt>EFI/tools</tt> directory
 804     will enable you to regenerate your hybrid MBR should some other tool
 805     convert the MBR to a standard protective MBR. You can obtain the file
 806     from the <a href="http://refit.sourceforge.net">original rEFIt
 807     package,</a> or beginning with rEFInd 0.6.9, an updated version is
 808     included in the rEFInd package. The rEFInd version of <tt>gptsync_<tt
 809     class="variable">arch</tt>.efi</tt> uses a more sophisticated algorithm
 810     for determining what GPT partitions to duplicate in the MBR and it
 811     includes additional safeguards to minimize the risk of damage should
 812     you run the program on a disk that might have been damaged. The
 813     original rEFIt version of the program usually goes by the filename
 814     <tt>gptsync.efi</tt>, whereas the updated rEFInd version ships with an
 815     architecture code, as in <tt>gptsync_x64.efi</tt> or
 816     <tt>gptsync_ia32.efi</tt>. The rEFInd <tt>refind-install</tt> script
 817     installs <tt>gptsync_<tt class="variable">arch</tt>.efi</tt> when run
 818     under OS X, but not when run on Linux. In addition to installing the
 819     program, you must edit <tt>refind.conf</tt>, uncomment the
 820     <tt>showtools</tt> line, and add <tt>gptsync</tt> to its list of
 821     options.</li>
 822
 823 <li><b>Drivers</b>&mdash;You can install drivers to extend the capabilities
 824     of the EFI. rEFInd ships with filesystem drivers for ext2fs, ext4fs, and
 825     ReiserFS, which can enable you to boot a Linux kernel with EFI stub
 826     support from an ext2fs, ext3fs, ext4fs, or ReiserFS partition. (rEFInd also
 827     provides ISO-9660 and HFS+ drivers.) You can find additional drivers
 828     from other sources, although they're still on the scarce side. See the
 829     <a href="drivers.html">Using EFI Drivers</a> page for more on this
 830     topic.</li>
 831
 832 <li><b>Secure Boot files</b>&mdash;If you're running on a system that
 833     supports Secure Boot, chances are you'll need extra support files, such
 834     as <tt>shim.efi</tt> and <tt>MokManager.efi</tt>. I describe these in
 835     detail on the <a href="secureboot.html">Managing Secure Boot</a>
 836     page.</li>
 837
 838 <li><b><a href="http://ipxe.org/">iPXE</a></b>&mdash;This tool provides the
 839     ability to boot a computer from a network server. Consult the
 840     <tt>BUILDING.txt</tt> file in the rEFInd source code package for
 841     information on building and installing these tools. You must also
 842     activate rEFInd's support by adding the <tt>netboot</tt> option to the
 843     <tt>scanfor</tt> and/or <tt>showtools</tt> lines in
 844     <tt>refind.conf</tt>. <i>Network-boot/iPXE support is currently
 845     experimental;</i> I recommend that only developers or those who are
 846     willing to use "bleeding-edge" software try it. Once activated, rEFInd
 847     will present a new menu item for booting from the network server.
 848     rEFInd itself will normally be installed locally. (You can deliver
 849     rEFInd as a network-boot image, but that image will be able to boot
 850     only OSes on the local disk.)</li>
 851
 852 </ul>
 853
 854 <p>I've seen links to other versions of these tools from time to time on the Web, so if you try one of these programs and it crashes or behaves strangely, try performing a Web search; you may turn up something that works better for you than the one to which I've linked.</p>
 855
 856 <a name="sluggish">
 857 <h2>Fixing Macintosh Boot Problems</h2>
 858 </a>
 859
 860 <p>I've received a few reports of a sluggish boot process (a delay of about 30 seconds before starting rEFInd) on some Macs after installing rEFInd, as well as some other Mac-specific peculiarities. I've been unable to replicate thess problems myself, and their true causes remains mysterious to me. I have found several possible solutions, though: <a href="#shortform">Using the <tt>--shortform</tt> option,</a> <a href="#fallback">using the fallback filename,</a> <a href="#moving">moving rEFInd to an HFS+ volume,</a> <a href="#clearing">clearing NVRAM entries,</a> <a href="#wakeprobs">fixing wake problems,</a> and <a href="#nolinux">fixing a failure to find Linux.</a></p>
 861
 862 <a name="shortform">
 863 <h3>Using the <tt>--shortform</tt> Option</h3>
 864 </a>
 865
 866 <p>Prior to version 0.8.5, these instructions and the <tt>refind-install</tt> script omitted the <tt>--shortform</tt> option from the <tt>bless</tt> command when installing rEFInd to the ESP. A rEFInd user, however, discovered that using the option eliminated the 30-second delay, so it is now the default with 0.8.5's <tt>refind-install</tt>, and is specified in the instructions. If you installed rEFInd 0.8.4 or earlier, you may want to re-install or re-<tt>bless</tt> rEFInd using this option.</p>
 867
 868 <p>There is one caveat, though: The <tt>man</tt> page for <tt>bless</tt> notes that <tt>--shortform</tt> notes that its use can come "at the expense of boot time performance." Thus, it's not clear to me that this option might not actually <i>create</i> problems on some computers. (It's eliminated the boot delay on my 2014 MacBook Air and has no detrimental effect on an old 32-bit Mac Mini that's never had a boot delay problem, though.) Thus, if you have problems with rEFInd 0.8.5 or later, you might try running <tt>bless</tt>, as described in <a href="#osx">Installing rEFInd Manually Using OS X's</a> step 8, but <i>omit</i> the <tt>--shortform</tt> option.</p>
 869
 870 <a name="fallback">
 871 <h3>Using the Fallback Filename</h3>
 872 </a>
 873
 874 <p>I've received a few reports that installing rEFInd to the ESP using the fallback filename (<tt>EFI/BOOT/bootx64.efi</tt> on most systems, or <tt>EFI/BOOT/bootia32.efi</tt> on very old Macs) can work around a sluggish boot problem. In fact, version 0.8.4's <tt>refind-install</tt> script copied the rEFInd binary to this name when run under OS X. (Version 0.8.5 switches to using <tt>--shortform</tt> with the more conventional <tt>EFI/refind/refind_x64.efi</tt> or <tt>EFI/refind/refind_ia32.efi</tt> name, as just noted.) If you installed to a name other than <tt>EFI/BOOT/BOOT<tt class="variable">{ARCH}</tt></tt>, either manually or by using the 0.8.5 or later <tt>refind-install</tt>, renaming (and re-<tt>bless</tt>ing) the installation is worth trying.</p>
 875
 876 <a name="moving">
 877 <h3>Moving rEFInd to an HFS+ Volume</h3>
 878 </a>
 879
 880 <p>Most of the reports of sluggish Macintosh boots I've seen note that the user installed rEFInd to the ESP rather than to the OS X root partition. Some users have reported that re-installing rEFInd to the OS X root partition clears up the problem. This is obviously a straightforward solution to the problem, if it works. (This location is not an option when using WDE or OS X logical volumes.) Note that rEFInd can launch boot loaders that are stored on any partition that the EFI can read no matter where it's installed; therefore, you'll still be able to launch boot loaders stored on the ESP (or elsewhere) if you install it in this way.</p>
 881
 882 <p>A variant of this solution is to create a small (~100MiB) HFS+ volume to be used exclusively by rEFInd. You can then install rEFInd to that volume with the <tt>--ownhfs</tt> option to <tt>refind-install</tt>, as in <tt class="userinput">./refind-install --ownhfs /dev/disk0s6</tt> if the volume is <tt>/dev/disk0s6</tt>. This approach has the advantage that it can be managed via OS X's own Startup Disk tool in System Preferences.</p>
 883
 884 <p>The biggest drawback to storing rEFInd on an HFS+ volume is that you won't be able to edit the rEFInd configuration file or move rEFInd-related binaries from an EFI shell if you install it in this way, since Apple's HFS+ driver for EFI is read-only. (The same is true of rEFInd's HFS+ driver, so it won't help you overcome this limitation.) You may also be limited in making changes to your rEFInd configuration from Linux or other OSes, too, since Linux's HFS+ drivers disable write support by default on volumes with an active journal. You can force write access by using the <tt>force</tt> option to <tt>mount</tt>; however, this procedure is noted as being risky in the Linux HFS+ documentation, so I don't recommend doing this on a regular basis on the OS X boot volume. This isn't as risky if you use a dedicated HFS+ rEFInd partition, though. You could even mount it as the Linux <tt>/boot</tt> partition, in which case it would also hold the Linux kernel and related files.</p>
 885
 886 <p>A variant of this solution is suggested in <a href="http://www.sparxeng.com/blog/software/fixing-slow-boot-on-a-triple-boot-mountain-lion-mac">this blog post,</a> which recommends placing rEFInd on an HFS+ volume on the first SATA channel. (In the blogger's case, that channel used to hold an optical drive, but that drive was replaced by a hard disk.)</p>
 887
 888 <a name="clearing">
 889 <h3>Clearing the NVRAM Entries</h3>
 890 </a>
 891
 892 <p>Another possible solution is documented in <a href="http://ubuntuforums.org/showpost.php?p=12256273&postcount=200">a Web forum post.</a> Be aware, though, that this procedure involves using the <tt>efibootmgr</tt> utility on Macs, which has been known to damage the firmware on some Macs. Other reports indicate that this problem has been fixed with 3.3.0 and later kernels. Thus, I present this information cautiously and with a strong "use at your own risk" warning. If you care to proceed, I recommend you update your Linux kernel to the latest possible version and then proceed as follows:</p>
 893
 894 <ol>
 895
 896 <li>Boot into Linux.</li>
 897
 898 <li>Type <tt class="userinput">efibootmgr</tt> as <tt>root</tt> to obtain a list of your boot loader entries. Each entry includes a boot number, as in <tt>Boot0003</tt> or <tt>Boot0027</tt>.</li>
 899
 900 <li>Remove all of the boot loader entries <i>except</i> rEFInd's by using <tt>efibootmgr</tt>'s <tt>-b <tt class="variable">bootnum</tt></tt> option to specify the boot entry and <tt>-B</tt> to delete it. For instance, typing <tt class="userinput">efibootmgr -b 0027 -B</tt> as <tt>root</tt> deletes boot entry <tt>Boot0027</tt>. Issue a separate <tt>efibootmgr</tt> command for each boot entry.</li>
 901
 902 <li>Re-install rEFInd using the install script. It's unclear from the original post if this meant installing from Linux or from OS X.</li>
 903
 904 </ol>
 905
 906 <a name="wakeprobs">
 907 <h3>Fixing Wake Problems</h3>
 908 </a>
 909
 910 <p>Some people have reported that installing rEFInd causes problems with resuming from a suspended OS X session. I know of two workarounds to such problems:</p>
 911
 912 <ul>
 913
 914 <li>Install rEFInd to an HFS+ volume using the <tt>--ownhfs</tt> option to <tt>refind-install</tt>. Unfortunately, this solution requires either creating a small HFS+ volume for rEFInd or using an already-existing non-bootable HFS+ volume (if you've got one for data storage, for example).</li>
 915
 916 <li>Type <tt class="userinput">sudo pmset -a autopoweroff 0</tt> in a Terminal window. This solution is likely to work if sleep operations work normally up to a point, but fail after about three hours.</li>
 917
 918 </ul>
 919
 920 <p>I've recently acquired a 2014 MacBook Air, but I haven't yet had the chance to try to reproduce this problem and find a workaround. It's on my to-do list, though.</p>
 921
 922 <a name="nolinux">
 923 <h3>Fixing a Failure to Find Linux</h3>
 924 </a>
 925
 926 <p>Some users report that rEFInd doesn't detect Linux, or won't boot it when it is found. Broadly speaking, there are two common causes of this problem:</p>
 927
 928 <ul>
 929
 930 <li><b>A malfunctioning BIOS/legacy boot</b>&mdash;If you installed Linux in BIOS/legacy mode, as most online documentation suggests, it could be that your <a href="http://www.rodsbooks.com/gdisk/hybrid.html">hybrid MBR</a> is missing or damaged. The usual symptom of this problem is that rEFInd shows a generic Linux penguin icon and that selecting it produces a message to the effect that a bootable OS could not be found. As hybrid MBRs are ugly and dangerous, I recommend avoiding them if possible, so my preferred solution to this problem is to set up EFI filesystem drivers and boot that way; however, fixing the hybrid MBR may be an easier solution. This is especially true if you installed a 32-bit version of Linux on a 64-bit Mac (or a 64-bit version on a rare Mac with a 64-bit CPU but a 32-bit EFI).</li>
 931
 932 <li><b>EFI filesystem driver problems</b>&mdash;Ideally, rEFInd should be able to load and run your Linux kernel directly, but this approach normally requires you to have a working EFI driver for the filesystem that holds your Linux kernel. This won't always be the case; and even if it is installed, there can be interference from other drivers, so you may need to <i>remove</i> the drivers that you don't use. If drivers are the root of your problem, you won't see any Linux options, or you'll see the one penguin icon (as above) with no others that point to your Linux kernel(s).</li>
 933
 934 </ul>
 935
 936 <p>If you suspect that your hybrid MBR is damaged, you can try re-creating it with my <a href="http://www.rodsbooks.com/gdisk/">GPT fdisk (<tt>gdisk</tt>)</a> program. The GPT fdisk <a href="http://www.rodsbooks.com/gdisk/hybrid.html">hybrid MBR documentation</a> covers this procedure in detail. You can run <tt>gdisk</tt> from either OS X or Linux, although you may need to install it, particularly in OS X.</p>
 937
 938 <p>If you suspect driver problems, you'll need to mount your ESP (as described in the <a href="#osx">manual OS X installation instructions</a>), locate the rEFInd <tt>drivers_x64</tt> directory, and adjust its contents. Make sure you have a driver for the filesystem that holds your Linux kernel. If you don't know what filesystem this is, it's probably ext4fs. rEFInd ships with several filesystem drivers, including one for ext4fs. You should also remove unnecessary filesystem drivers. I've seen several reports of one driver interfering with others' operation. The biggest culprit seems to be the HFS+ driver when used on Macs.</p>
 939
 940 <p></p>
 941
 942 <a name="winprob">
 943 <h2>Fixing Windows Boot Problems</h2>
 944 </a>
 945
 946 <p>Most Windows boot problems are best addressed on Windows-specific sites, so I recommend you make the rounds of Windows forums to solve such problems. There is one that deserves mention here, though: If you accidentally erase the Windows boot loader file, <tt>EFI/Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw.efi</tt>, you won't be able to boot Windows. The simplest solution is to restore this file from a backup you prepared ahead of time. If you don't have such a backup, though, you can restore it as follows:</p>
 947
 948 <ol>
 949
 950 <li>Boot from an emergency Windows recovery disk. If you don't have one, you can prepare one from a working Windows system as described <a href="http://windows.microsoft.com/en-us/windows7/create-a-system-repair-disc">here.</a></li>
 951
 952 <li>Type <tt class="userinput">diskpart</tt> to enter the Windows disk-partitioning tool.</li>
 953
 954 <li>In <tt>diskpart</tt>, type <tt class="userinput">sel disk 0</tt> followed by <tt>list vol</tt>. You should see a set of partitions. This step is intended to help you identify your ESP, which will probably be the only FAT32 partition on the disk. (If you have multiple disks, you may need to try again with <tt class="userinput">sel disk 1</tt> or higher.) Note the volume number of your ESP.</li>
 955
 956 <li>Type <tt class="userinput">sel vol 1</tt>, changing <tt>1</tt> to whatever the ESP's volume number is.</li>
 957
 958 <li>Type <tt class="userinput">assign letter=S:</tt> to assign the ESP a Windows disk identifier of <tt>S:</tt>. (You can use another letter if you prefer.)</li>
 959
 960 <li>Type <tt class="userinput">exit</tt> to exit from <tt>diskutil</tt>.</li>
 961
 962 <li>Type <tt class="userinput">cd /d s:\EFI\Microsoft\Boot\</tt> to change into the Windows boot loader directory. (If this directory doesn't exist, you may need to create it first with <tt>mkdir</tt>. If rEFInd or some other boot loader occupies this directory, back it up first.</li>
 963
 964 <li>Type <tt class="userinput">bootrec /fixboot</tt>.</li>
 965
 966 <li>Type <tt class="userinput">bcdboot c:\Windows /s s: /f ALL</tt>. Note that this command should set the Windows boot loader as the default. Omit <tt>/f ALL</tt> if you don't want to adjust the EFI's default boot program.</li>
 967
 968 <li>Reboot and hope it works! If the computer boots straight to Windows and you want to use rEFInd, use <tt>bcdedit</tt> in Windows, as described in step 9 of the <a href="#windows">Installing rEFInd Manually Using Windows</a> section of this page.</li>
 969
 970 </ol>
 971
 972 <p>For more information, see <a href="http://superuser.com/questions/460762/how-can-i-repair-the-windows-8-efi-bootloader">this SuperUser question and answer.</a></p>
 973
 974 <a name="uninstalling">
 975 <h2>Uninstalling rEFInd</h2>
 976 </a>
 977
 978 <p>If you decide you don't want to keep rEFInd, you can uninstall it. Doing so is a matter of removing the rEFInd files from your ESP (or from your OS X boot partition, if you installed the program there). The exact details of how to do this vary from one OS to another, though; and in some cases there are alternatives to completely uninstalling rEFInd that are easier to implement.</p>
 979
 980 <a name="uinst_linux">
 981 <h3>Uninstalling rEFInd from Linux</h3>
 982 </a>
 983
 984 <p>In Linux, a command like the following, typed as <tt>root</tt>, should remove rEFInd:</p>
 985
 986 <pre class="listing">
 987 # <tt class="userinput">rm -r /boot/efi/EFI/refind</tt>
 988 </pre>
 989
 990 <p>You must type this command as <tt>root</tt> (or use <tt>sudo</tt> in some environments, such as under Ubuntu). This example assumes that your ESP is mounted at <tt>/boot/efi</tt> and that rEFInd is installed in <tt>EFI/refind</tt> on that partition. If you've mounted your ESP elsewhere, or installed rEFInd elsewhere, you should adjust the command appropriately.</p>
 991
 992 <p>If you installed via an RPM or Debian package in Linux, using your package manager will remove the package files, but not the files that the installer places on your ESP. Thus, you must uninstall those files manually, as just described. To complete the job, you'll also have to remove <tt>/boot/refind_linux.conf</tt>, and perhaps the <tt>/etc/refind.d</tt> directory.</p>
 993
 994 <a name="uinst_osx">
 995 <h3>Uninstalling rEFInd from OS X</h3>
 996 </a>
 997
 998 <p>The easiest way to restore the standard OS X boot loader on a Mac is not to uninstall rEFInd; it's to bypass it. This can be accomplished with the Startup Disk item in the System Preferences panel:</p>
 999
1000     <br /><center><img src="startup-disk.png" align="center" width="668"
1001     height="355" alt="The OS X Startup Disk tool enables you to reset a Mac
1002     to use the standard OS X boot loader." border=2> </center><br />
1003
1004 <p>Select your startup disk (<i>Macintosh HD OS X, 10.10.1</i> in this example) and then click Restart. The computer should reboot into OS X, bypassing rEFInd.</p>
1005
1006 <p>I recommend stopping here, because the procedure for completely removing rEFInd from a Mac depends on your installation method and tends to be challenging for many Mac users, who are unfamiliar with the necessary command-line tools. Basically, you must reverse the steps described earlier, in <a href="#osx">Installing rEFInd Manually Using Mac OS X:</a></p>
1007
1008 <ol>
1009
1010 <li>You must first determine where rEFInd is installed. This can be any of
1011     several locations:
1012
1013     <ul>
1014
1015     <li>If you installed rEFInd 0.8.3 or earlier with the default options,
1016         or if you used the <tt>--notesp</tt> option with rEFInd 0.8.4 or
1017         later, it will be <tt>/EFI/refind</tt> on your main partition</li>
1018
1019     <li>If you installed rEFInd 0.8.4 or later with the default options, or
1020         if you used the <tt>--esp</tt> option with rEFInd 0.8.3 or earlier,
1021         it will be in <tt>EFI/refind</tt> or <tt>EFI/BOOT</tt> on the
1022         ESP.</li>
1023
1024     <li>If you used the <tt>--ownhfs</tt> option to <tt>refind-install</tt>,
1025         rEFInd will be in the <tt>System/Library/CoreServices</tt>
1026         directory on the volume you specified.</li>
1027
1028     <li>If you installed rEFInd manually, it will be wherever you put
1029         it.</li>
1030
1031     <li>In all cases, there could be duplicate (inactive) rEFInd files in
1032         unexpected places. This is particularly true if you tried
1033         installing rEFInd multiple times, each with different options to
1034         <tt>refind-install</tt>. Thus, if you delete rEFInd and it still comes
1035         up, you may have deleted the wrong files. (Note that dragging files
1036         to the Trash may have no effect, though&mdash;at least, not until
1037         you empty the Trash.)</li>
1038
1039     </ul>
1040
1041 <li>If necessary, mount the ESP or rEFInd-specific HFS+ volume, as
1042     described in <a href="#osx">Installing rEFInd Manually Using Mac OS
1043     X.</a> (The <tt>mountesp</tt> script that comes with rEFInd will handle
1044     this task.)</li>
1045
1046 <li>Verify that rEFInd is installed in the directory noted in step #1. If a
1047     <tt>refind.conf</tt> file is present, rEFInd is almost certainly
1048     installed in that directory. If not, it's not rEFInd there and you
1049     should <i>not</i> proceed. <b><i>Be extra cautious about deleting the
1050     <tt>System/Library/CoreServices</tt> directory,</i></b> since that's
1051     the default location of the OS X boot loader! <i>Never</i> delete this
1052     directory from your OS X root (<tt>/</tt>) partition, only from the
1053     partition you specified to <tt>refind-install</tt> using the
1054     <tt>--ownhfs</tt> option.</li>
1055
1056 <li>Once you've identified the rEFInd directory, delete it, or at least the
1057     rEFInd boot file. This file may be called <tt>refind_x64.efi</tt>,
1058     <tt>bootx64.efi</tt>, <tt>boot.efi</tt>, or conceivably something else.
1059     You may need to use <tt>sudo rm</tt> at the command line to accomplish
1060     this task, as in <tt class="userinput">sudo rm -r
1061     /Volumes/ESP/EFI/refind</tt>.</li>
1062
1063 </ol>
1064
1065 <a name="uinst_windows">
1066 <h3>Uninstalling rEFInd from Windows</h3>
1067 </a>
1068
1069 <p>From Windows, you must reverse the directions for <a href="#windows">installing in Windows</a>&mdash;type <tt class="userinput">mountvol S: /S</tt> to mount your ESP as <tt>S:</tt>, then navigate to the <tt>S:\EFI</tt> directory and delete the <tt>refind</tt> subdirectory.</p>
1070
1071 <a name="post_uninst">
1072 <h3>Post-Uninstallation Activity (UEFI-Based PCs)</h3>
1073 </a>
1074
1075 <p>On a UEFI-based PC, when the computer boots and cannot find the rEFInd files, it should move on to the next boot loader in its list. In my experience, some EFI firmware implementations remove boot loaders they can't find from their NVRAM lists, so nothing else will be required, provided you have another working boot loader in your firmware's list. If your firmware doesn't automatically clean up its NVRAM entries, rEFInd's entry will do little harm; however, you can delete it with the <tt>efibootmgr</tt> utility in Linux:</p>
1076
1077 <pre class="listing">
1078 # <tt class="userinput">efibootmgr --verbose</tt>
1079 Timeout: 10 seconds
1080 BootOrder: 0000,0007
1081 Boot0000* rEFInd        HD(2,1b8,64000,f1b7598e-baa8-16ea-4ef6-3ff3b606ac1e)File(\EFI\refind\refind_x64.efi)
1082 Boot0007* CD/DVD Drive  BIOS(3,0,00)PATA: HP DVD Writer 1040r     .
1083 # <tt class="userinput">efibootmgr --delete-bootnum --bootnum 0000</tt>
1084 Timeout: 10 seconds
1085 BootOrder: 0007
1086 Boot0007* CD/DVD Drive</pre>
1087
1088 <p>This example shows use of <tt>efibootmgr</tt>'s <tt>--verbose</tt> (<tt>-v</tt>) option to display boot programs so as to identify which one is rEFInd, followed by <tt>--delete-bootnum</tt> (<tt>-B</tt>) to delete a boot program and <tt>--bootnum</tt> (<tt>-b</tt>) to identify which one to delete. Of course, in this example there's not much else left, so you'd presumably want to install another boot program at this point! If you already have another one installed, you may want to check the <tt>BootOrder</tt> line to determine which one will take precedence when you reboot. If you don't like what it shows, you can adjust it with the <tt>--bootorder</tt> (<tt>-o</tt>) option; consult <tt>efibootmgr</tt>'s <tt>man</tt> page for details.</p>
1089
1090 <p>If you're not using Linux, you may be able to find a utility that serves
1091 a similar function. Under Windows, the <tt>bcdedit</tt> command, described
1092 in the <a href="#windows">section on installing rEFInd under Windows,</a>
1093 may work, although I've not attempted this.</p>
1094
1095 <hr />
1096
1097 <p>copyright &copy; 2012&ndash;2015 by Roderick W. Smith</p>
1098
1099 <p>This document is licensed under the terms of the <a href="FDL-1.3.txt">GNU Free Documentation License (FDL), version 1.3.</a></p>
1100
1101 <p>If you have problems with or comments about this Web page, please e-mail me at <a href="mailto:rodsmith@rodsbooks.com">rodsmith@rodsbooks.com.</a> Thanks.</p>
1102
1103 <p><a href="index.html">Go to the main rEFInd page</a></p>
1104
1105 <p><a href="yosemite.html">Comments on rEFInd and OS X 10.10 (Yosemite)</a></p>
1106
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