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[gnu-emacs] / doc / lispref / loading.texi

@c -*-texinfo-*-
@c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.
@c Copyright (C) 1990-1995, 1998-1999, 2001-2012
@c   Free Software Foundation, Inc.
@c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions.
@setfilename ../../info/loading
@node Loading, Byte Compilation, Customization, Top
@chapter Loading
@cindex loading
@cindex library
@cindex Lisp library

  Loading a file of Lisp code means bringing its contents into the Lisp
environment in the form of Lisp objects.  Emacs finds and opens the
file, reads the text, evaluates each form, and then closes the file.

  The load functions evaluate all the expressions in a file just
as the @code{eval-buffer} function evaluates all the
expressions in a buffer.  The difference is that the load functions
read and evaluate the text in the file as found on disk, not the text
in an Emacs buffer.

@cindex top-level form
  The loaded file must contain Lisp expressions, either as source code
or as byte-compiled code.  Each form in the file is called a
@dfn{top-level form}.  There is no special format for the forms in a
loadable file; any form in a file may equally well be typed directly
into a buffer and evaluated there.  (Indeed, most code is tested this
way.)  Most often, the forms are function definitions and variable
definitions.

  A file containing Lisp code is often called a @dfn{library}.  Thus,
the ``Rmail library'' is a file containing code for Rmail mode.
Similarly, a ``Lisp library directory'' is a directory of files
containing Lisp code.

@menu
* How Programs Do Loading:: The @code{load} function and others.
* Load Suffixes::           Details about the suffixes that @code{load} tries.
* Library Search::          Finding a library to load.
* Loading Non-ASCII::       Non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in Emacs Lisp files.
* Autoload::                Setting up a function to autoload.
* Repeated Loading::        Precautions about loading a file twice.
* Named Features::          Loading a library if it isn't already loaded.
* Where Defined::           Finding which file defined a certain symbol.
* Unloading::               How to "unload" a library that was loaded.
* Hooks for Loading::       Providing code to be run when
                              particular libraries are loaded.
@end menu

@node How Programs Do Loading
@section How Programs Do Loading

  Emacs Lisp has several interfaces for loading.  For example,
@code{autoload} creates a placeholder object for a function defined in a
file; trying to call the autoloading function loads the file to get the
function's real definition (@pxref{Autoload}).  @code{require} loads a
file if it isn't already loaded (@pxref{Named Features}).  Ultimately,
all these facilities call the @code{load} function to do the work.

@defun load filename &optional missing-ok nomessage nosuffix must-suffix
This function finds and opens a file of Lisp code, evaluates all the
forms in it, and closes the file.

To find the file, @code{load} first looks for a file named
@file{@var{filename}.elc}, that is, for a file whose name is
@var{filename} with the extension @samp{.elc} appended.  If such a
file exists, it is loaded.  If there is no file by that name, then
@code{load} looks for a file named @file{@var{filename}.el}.  If that
file exists, it is loaded.  Finally, if neither of those names is
found, @code{load} looks for a file named @var{filename} with nothing
appended, and loads it if it exists.  (The @code{load} function is not
clever about looking at @var{filename}.  In the perverse case of a
file named @file{foo.el.el}, evaluation of @code{(load "foo.el")} will
indeed find it.)

If Auto Compression mode is enabled, as it is by default, then if
@code{load} can not find a file, it searches for a compressed version
of the file before trying other file names.  It decompresses and loads
it if it exists.  It looks for compressed versions by appending each
of the suffixes in @code{jka-compr-load-suffixes} to the file name.
The value of this variable must be a list of strings. Its standard
value is @code{(".gz")}.

If the optional argument @var{nosuffix} is non-@code{nil}, then
@code{load} does not try the suffixes @samp{.elc} and @samp{.el}.  In
this case, you must specify the precise file name you want, except
that, if Auto Compression mode is enabled, @code{load} will still use
@code{jka-compr-load-suffixes} to find compressed versions.  By
specifying the precise file name and using @code{t} for
@var{nosuffix}, you can prevent perverse file names such as
@file{foo.el.el} from being tried.

If the optional argument @var{must-suffix} is non-@code{nil}, then
@code{load} insists that the file name used must end in either
@samp{.el} or @samp{.elc} (possibly extended with a compression
suffix), unless it contains an explicit directory name.

If @var{filename} is a relative file name, such as @file{foo} or
@file{baz/foo.bar}, @code{load} searches for the file using the variable
@code{load-path}.  It appends @var{filename} to each of the directories
listed in @code{load-path}, and loads the first file it finds whose name
matches.  The current default directory is tried only if it is specified
in @code{load-path}, where @code{nil} stands for the default directory.
@code{load} tries all three possible suffixes in the first directory in
@code{load-path}, then all three suffixes in the second directory, and
so on.  @xref{Library Search}.

Whatever the name under which the file is eventually found, and the
directory where Emacs found it, Emacs sets the value of the variable
@code{load-file-name} to that file's name.

If you get a warning that @file{foo.elc} is older than @file{foo.el}, it
means you should consider recompiling @file{foo.el}.  @xref{Byte
Compilation}.

When loading a source file (not compiled), @code{load} performs
character set translation just as Emacs would do when visiting the file.
@xref{Coding Systems}.

Messages like @samp{Loading foo...} and @samp{Loading foo...done} appear
in the echo area during loading unless @var{nomessage} is
non-@code{nil}.

@cindex load errors
Any unhandled errors while loading a file terminate loading.  If the
load was done for the sake of @code{autoload}, any function definitions
made during the loading are undone.

@kindex file-error
If @code{load} can't find the file to load, then normally it signals the
error @code{file-error} (with @samp{Cannot open load file
@var{filename}}).  But if @var{missing-ok} is non-@code{nil}, then
@code{load} just returns @code{nil}.

You can use the variable @code{load-read-function} to specify a function
for @code{load} to use instead of @code{read} for reading expressions.
See below.

@code{load} returns @code{t} if the file loads successfully.
@end defun

@deffn Command load-file filename
This command loads the file @var{filename}.  If @var{filename} is a
relative file name, then the current default directory is assumed.
This command does not use @code{load-path}, and does not append
suffixes.  However, it does look for compressed versions (if Auto
Compression Mode is enabled).  Use this command if you wish to specify
precisely the file name to load.
@end deffn

@deffn Command load-library library
This command loads the library named @var{library}.  It is equivalent to
@code{load}, except for the way it reads its argument interactively.
@xref{Lisp Libraries,,,emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}.
@end deffn

@defvar load-in-progress
This variable is non-@code{nil} if Emacs is in the process of loading a
file, and it is @code{nil} otherwise.
@end defvar

@defvar load-file-name
When Emacs is in the process of loading a file, this variable's value
is the name of that file, as Emacs found it during the search
described earlier in this section.
@end defvar

@defvar load-read-function
@anchor{Definition of load-read-function}
@c do not allow page break at anchor; work around Texinfo deficiency.
This variable specifies an alternate expression-reading function for
@code{load} and @code{eval-region} to use instead of @code{read}.
The function should accept one argument, just as @code{read} does.

Normally, the variable's value is @code{nil}, which means those
functions should use @code{read}.

Instead of using this variable, it is cleaner to use another, newer
feature: to pass the function as the @var{read-function} argument to
@code{eval-region}.  @xref{Definition of eval-region,, Eval}.
@end defvar

  For information about how @code{load} is used in building Emacs, see
@ref{Building Emacs}.

@node Load Suffixes
@section Load Suffixes
We now describe some technical details about the exact suffixes that
@code{load} tries.

@defvar load-suffixes
This is a list of suffixes indicating (compiled or source) Emacs Lisp
files.  It should not include the empty string.  @code{load} uses
these suffixes in order when it appends Lisp suffixes to the specified
file name.  The standard value is @code{(".elc" ".el")} which produces
the behavior described in the previous section.
@end defvar

@defvar load-file-rep-suffixes
This is a list of suffixes that indicate representations of the same
file.  This list should normally start with the empty string.
When @code{load} searches for a file it appends the suffixes in this
list, in order, to the file name, before searching for another file.

Enabling Auto Compression mode appends the suffixes in
@code{jka-compr-load-suffixes} to this list and disabling Auto
Compression mode removes them again.  The standard value of
@code{load-file-rep-suffixes} if Auto Compression mode is disabled is
@code{("")}.  Given that the standard value of
@code{jka-compr-load-suffixes} is @code{(".gz")}, the standard value
of @code{load-file-rep-suffixes} if Auto Compression mode is enabled
is @code{("" ".gz")}.
@end defvar

@defun get-load-suffixes
This function returns the list of all suffixes that @code{load} should
try, in order, when its @var{must-suffix} argument is non-@code{nil}.
This takes both @code{load-suffixes} and @code{load-file-rep-suffixes}
into account.  If @code{load-suffixes}, @code{jka-compr-load-suffixes}
and @code{load-file-rep-suffixes} all have their standard values, this
function returns @code{(".elc" ".elc.gz" ".el" ".el.gz")} if Auto
Compression mode is enabled and @code{(".elc" ".el")} if Auto
Compression mode is disabled.
@end defun

To summarize, @code{load} normally first tries the suffixes in the
value of @code{(get-load-suffixes)} and then those in
@code{load-file-rep-suffixes}.  If @var{nosuffix} is non-@code{nil},
it skips the former group, and if @var{must-suffix} is non-@code{nil},
it skips the latter group.

@node Library Search
@section Library Search
@cindex library search
@cindex find library

  When Emacs loads a Lisp library, it searches for the library
in a list of directories specified by the variable @code{load-path}.

@defopt load-path
@cindex @code{EMACSLOADPATH} environment variable
The value of this variable is a list of directories to search when
loading files with @code{load}.  Each element is a string (which must be
a directory name) or @code{nil} (which stands for the current working
directory).
@end defopt

  The value of @code{load-path} is initialized from the environment
variable @code{EMACSLOADPATH}, if that exists; otherwise its default
value is specified in @file{emacs/src/epaths.h} when Emacs is built.
Then the list is expanded by adding subdirectories of the directories
in the list.

  The syntax of @code{EMACSLOADPATH} is the same as used for @code{PATH};
@samp{:} (or @samp{;}, according to the operating system) separates
directory names, and @samp{.} is used for the current default directory.
Here is an example of how to set your @code{EMACSLOADPATH} variable from
a @code{csh} @file{.login} file:

@smallexample
setenv EMACSLOADPATH .:/user/bil/emacs:/usr/local/share/emacs/20.3/lisp
@end smallexample

  Here is how to set it using @code{sh}:

@smallexample
export EMACSLOADPATH
EMACSLOADPATH=.:/user/bil/emacs:/usr/local/share/emacs/20.3/lisp
@end smallexample

  Here is an example of code you can place in your init file (@pxref{Init
File}) to add several directories to the front of your default
@code{load-path}:

@smallexample
@group
(setq load-path
      (append (list nil "/user/bil/emacs"
                    "/usr/local/lisplib"
                    "~/emacs")
              load-path))
@end group
@end smallexample

@c Wordy to rid us of an overfull hbox.  --rjc 15mar92
@noindent
In this example, the path searches the current working directory first,
followed then by the @file{/user/bil/emacs} directory, the
@file{/usr/local/lisplib} directory, and the @file{~/emacs} directory,
which are then followed by the standard directories for Lisp code.

  Dumping Emacs uses a special value of @code{load-path}.  If the value of
@code{load-path} at the end of dumping is unchanged (that is, still the
same special value), the dumped Emacs switches to the ordinary
@code{load-path} value when it starts up, as described above.  But if
@code{load-path} has any other value at the end of dumping, that value
is used for execution of the dumped Emacs also.

  Therefore, if you want to change @code{load-path} temporarily for
loading a few libraries in @file{site-init.el} or @file{site-load.el},
you should bind @code{load-path} locally with @code{let} around the
calls to @code{load}.

  The default value of @code{load-path}, when running an Emacs which has
been installed on the system, includes two special directories (and
their subdirectories as well):

@smallexample
"/usr/local/share/emacs/@var{version}/site-lisp"
@end smallexample

@noindent
and

@smallexample
"/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp"
@end smallexample

@noindent
The first one is for locally installed packages for a particular Emacs
version; the second is for locally installed packages meant for use with
all installed Emacs versions.

  There are several reasons why a Lisp package that works well in one
Emacs version can cause trouble in another.  Sometimes packages need
updating for incompatible changes in Emacs; sometimes they depend on
undocumented internal Emacs data that can change without notice;
sometimes a newer Emacs version incorporates a version of the package,
and should be used only with that version.

  Emacs finds these directories' subdirectories and adds them to
@code{load-path} when it starts up.  Both immediate subdirectories and
subdirectories multiple levels down are added to @code{load-path}.

  Not all subdirectories are included, though.  Subdirectories whose
names do not start with a letter or digit are excluded.  Subdirectories
named @file{RCS} or @file{CVS} are excluded.  Also, a subdirectory which
contains a file named @file{.nosearch} is excluded.  You can use these
methods to prevent certain subdirectories of the @file{site-lisp}
directories from being searched.

  If you run Emacs from the directory where it was built---that is, an
executable that has not been formally installed---then @code{load-path}
normally contains two additional directories.  These are the @code{lisp}
and @code{site-lisp} subdirectories of the main build directory.  (Both
are represented as absolute file names.)

@deffn Command locate-library library &optional nosuffix path interactive-call
This command finds the precise file name for library @var{library}.  It
searches for the library in the same way @code{load} does, and the
argument @var{nosuffix} has the same meaning as in @code{load}: don't
add suffixes @samp{.elc} or @samp{.el} to the specified name
@var{library}.

If the @var{path} is non-@code{nil}, that list of directories is used
instead of @code{load-path}.

When @code{locate-library} is called from a program, it returns the file
name as a string.  When the user runs @code{locate-library}
interactively, the argument @var{interactive-call} is @code{t}, and this
tells @code{locate-library} to display the file name in the echo area.
@end deffn

@cindex shadowed Lisp files
@deffn Command list-load-path-shadows &optional stringp
This command shows a list of @dfn{shadowed} Emacs Lisp files.  A
shadowed file is one that will not normally be loaded, despite being
in a directory on @code{load-path}, due to the existence of another
similarly-named file in a directory earlier on @code{load-path}.

For instance, suppose @code{load-path} is set to

@smallexample
  ("/opt/emacs/site-lisp" "/usr/share/emacs/23.3/lisp")
@end smallexample

@noindent
and that both these directories contain a file named @file{foo.el}.
Then @code{(require 'foo)} never loads the file in the second
directory.  Such a situation might indicate a problem in the way Emacs
was installed.

When called from Lisp, this function prints a message listing the
shadowed files, instead of displaying them in a buffer.  If the
optional argument @code{stringp} is non-@code{nil}, it instead returns
the shadowed files as a string.
@end deffn

@node Loading Non-ASCII
@section Loading Non-@acronym{ASCII} Characters

  When Emacs Lisp programs contain string constants with non-@acronym{ASCII}
characters, these can be represented within Emacs either as unibyte
strings or as multibyte strings (@pxref{Text Representations}).  Which
representation is used depends on how the file is read into Emacs.  If
it is read with decoding into multibyte representation, the text of the
Lisp program will be multibyte text, and its string constants will be
multibyte strings.  If a file containing Latin-1 characters (for
example) is read without decoding, the text of the program will be
unibyte text, and its string constants will be unibyte strings.
@xref{Coding Systems}.

  The reason Emacs is designed this way is so that Lisp programs give
predictable results, regardless of how Emacs was started.  In addition,
this enables programs that depend on using multibyte text to work even
in a unibyte Emacs.

  In most Emacs Lisp programs, the fact that non-@acronym{ASCII} strings are
multibyte strings should not be noticeable, since inserting them in
unibyte buffers converts them to unibyte automatically.  However, if
this does make a difference, you can force a particular Lisp file to be
interpreted as unibyte by writing @samp{-*-unibyte: t;-*-} in a
comment on the file's first line.  With that designator, the file will
unconditionally be interpreted as unibyte, even in an ordinary
multibyte Emacs session.  This can matter when making keybindings to
non-@acronym{ASCII} characters written as @code{?v@var{literal}}.

@node Autoload
@section Autoload
@cindex autoload

  The @dfn{autoload} facility allows you to make a function or macro
known in Lisp, but put off loading the file that defines it.  The first
call to the function automatically reads the proper file to install the
real definition and other associated code, then runs the real definition
as if it had been loaded all along.

  There are two ways to set up an autoloaded function: by calling
@code{autoload}, and by writing a special ``magic'' comment in the
source before the real definition.  @code{autoload} is the low-level
primitive for autoloading; any Lisp program can call @code{autoload} at
any time.  Magic comments are the most convenient way to make a function
autoload, for packages installed along with Emacs.  These comments do
nothing on their own, but they serve as a guide for the command
@code{update-file-autoloads}, which constructs calls to @code{autoload}
and arranges to execute them when Emacs is built.

@defun autoload function filename &optional docstring interactive type
This function defines the function (or macro) named @var{function} so as
to load automatically from @var{filename}.  The string @var{filename}
specifies the file to load to get the real definition of @var{function}.

If @var{filename} does not contain either a directory name, or the
suffix @code{.el} or @code{.elc}, then @code{autoload} insists on adding
one of these suffixes, and it will not load from a file whose name is
just @var{filename} with no added suffix.  (The variable
@code{load-suffixes} specifies the exact required suffixes.)

The argument @var{docstring} is the documentation string for the
function.  Specifying the documentation string in the call to
@code{autoload} makes it possible to look at the documentation without
loading the function's real definition.  Normally, this should be
identical to the documentation string in the function definition
itself.  If it isn't, the function definition's documentation string
takes effect when it is loaded.

If @var{interactive} is non-@code{nil}, that says @var{function} can be
called interactively.  This lets completion in @kbd{M-x} work without
loading @var{function}'s real definition.  The complete interactive
specification is not given here; it's not needed unless the user
actually calls @var{function}, and when that happens, it's time to load
the real definition.

You can autoload macros and keymaps as well as ordinary functions.
Specify @var{type} as @code{macro} if @var{function} is really a macro.
Specify @var{type} as @code{keymap} if @var{function} is really a
keymap.  Various parts of Emacs need to know this information without
loading the real definition.

An autoloaded keymap loads automatically during key lookup when a prefix
key's binding is the symbol @var{function}.  Autoloading does not occur
for other kinds of access to the keymap.  In particular, it does not
happen when a Lisp program gets the keymap from the value of a variable
and calls @code{define-key}; not even if the variable name is the same
symbol @var{function}.

@cindex function cell in autoload
If @var{function} already has a non-void function definition that is not
an autoload object, @code{autoload} does nothing and returns @code{nil}.
If the function cell of @var{function} is void, or is already an autoload
object, then it is defined as an autoload object like this:

@example
(autoload @var{filename} @var{docstring} @var{interactive} @var{type})
@end example

For example,

@example
@group
(symbol-function 'run-prolog)
     @result{} (autoload "prolog" 169681 t nil)
@end group
@end example

@noindent
In this case, @code{"prolog"} is the name of the file to load, 169681
refers to the documentation string in the
@file{emacs/etc/DOC-@var{version}} file (@pxref{Documentation Basics}),
@code{t} means the function is interactive, and @code{nil} that it is
not a macro or a keymap.
@end defun

@cindex autoload errors
  The autoloaded file usually contains other definitions and may require
or provide one or more features.  If the file is not completely loaded
(due to an error in the evaluation of its contents), any function
definitions or @code{provide} calls that occurred during the load are
undone.  This is to ensure that the next attempt to call any function
autoloading from this file will try again to load the file.  If not for
this, then some of the functions in the file might be defined by the
aborted load, but fail to work properly for the lack of certain
subroutines not loaded successfully because they come later in the file.

  If the autoloaded file fails to define the desired Lisp function or
macro, then an error is signaled with data @code{"Autoloading failed to
define function @var{function-name}"}.

@findex update-file-autoloads
@findex update-directory-autoloads
@cindex magic autoload comment
@cindex autoload cookie
@anchor{autoload cookie}
  A magic autoload comment (often called an @dfn{autoload cookie})
consists of @samp{;;;###autoload}, on a line by itself,
just before the real definition of the function in its
autoloadable source file.  The command @kbd{M-x update-file-autoloads}
writes a corresponding @code{autoload} call into @file{loaddefs.el}.
(The string that serves as the autoload cookie and the name of the
file generated by @code{update-file-autoloads} can be changed from the
above defaults, see below.)
Building Emacs loads @file{loaddefs.el} and thus calls @code{autoload}.
@kbd{M-x update-directory-autoloads} is even more powerful; it updates
autoloads for all files in the current directory.

  The same magic comment can copy any kind of form into
@file{loaddefs.el}.  If the form following the magic comment is not a
function-defining form or a @code{defcustom} form, it is copied
verbatim.  ``Function-defining forms'' include @code{define-skeleton},
@code{define-derived-mode}, @code{define-generic-mode} and
@code{define-minor-mode} as well as @code{defun} and
@code{defmacro}.  To save space, a @code{defcustom} form is converted to
a @code{defvar} in @file{loaddefs.el}, with some additional information
if it uses @code{:require}.

  You can also use a magic comment to execute a form at build time
@emph{without} executing it when the file itself is loaded.  To do this,
write the form @emph{on the same line} as the magic comment.  Since it
is in a comment, it does nothing when you load the source file; but
@kbd{M-x update-file-autoloads} copies it to @file{loaddefs.el}, where
it is executed while building Emacs.

  The following example shows how @code{doctor} is prepared for
autoloading with a magic comment:

@smallexample
;;;###autoload
(defun doctor ()
  "Switch to *doctor* buffer and start giving psychotherapy."
  (interactive)
  (switch-to-buffer "*doctor*")
  (doctor-mode))
@end smallexample

@noindent
Here's what that produces in @file{loaddefs.el}:

@smallexample
(autoload (quote doctor) "doctor" "\
Switch to *doctor* buffer and start giving psychotherapy.

\(fn)" t nil)
@end smallexample

@noindent
@cindex @code{fn} in function's documentation string
The backslash and newline immediately following the double-quote are a
convention used only in the preloaded uncompiled Lisp files such as
@file{loaddefs.el}; they tell @code{make-docfile} to put the
documentation string in the @file{etc/DOC} file.  @xref{Building Emacs}.
See also the commentary in @file{lib-src/make-docfile.c}.  @samp{(fn)}
in the usage part of the documentation string is replaced with the
function's name when the various help functions (@pxref{Help
Functions}) display it.

  If you write a function definition with an unusual macro that is not
one of the known and recognized function definition methods, use of an
ordinary magic autoload comment would copy the whole definition into
@code{loaddefs.el}.  That is not desirable.  You can put the desired
@code{autoload} call into @code{loaddefs.el} instead by writing this:

@smallexample
;;;###autoload (autoload 'foo "myfile")
(mydefunmacro foo
  ...)
@end smallexample

  You can use a non-default string as the autoload cookie and have the
corresponding autoload calls written into a file whose name is
different from the default @file{loaddefs.el}.  Emacs provides two
variables to control this:

@defvar generate-autoload-cookie
The value of this variable should be a string whose syntax is a Lisp
comment.  @kbd{M-x update-file-autoloads} copies the Lisp form that
follows the cookie into the autoload file it generates.  The default
value of this variable is @code{";;;###autoload"}.
@end defvar

@defvar generated-autoload-file
The value of this variable names an Emacs Lisp file where the autoload
calls should go.  The default value is @file{loaddefs.el}, but you can
override that, e.g., in the ``Local Variables'' section of a
@file{.el} file (@pxref{File Local Variables}).  The autoload file is
assumed to contain a trailer starting with a formfeed character.
@end defvar

@node Repeated Loading
@section Repeated Loading
@cindex repeated loading

  You can load a given file more than once in an Emacs session.  For
example, after you have rewritten and reinstalled a function definition
by editing it in a buffer, you may wish to return to the original
version; you can do this by reloading the file it came from.

  When you load or reload files, bear in mind that the @code{load} and
@code{load-library} functions automatically load a byte-compiled file
rather than a non-compiled file of similar name.  If you rewrite a file
that you intend to save and reinstall, you need to byte-compile the new
version; otherwise Emacs will load the older, byte-compiled file instead
of your newer, non-compiled file!  If that happens, the message
displayed when loading the file includes, @samp{(compiled; note, source is
newer)}, to remind you to recompile it.

  When writing the forms in a Lisp library file, keep in mind that the
file might be loaded more than once.  For example, think about whether
each variable should be reinitialized when you reload the library;
@code{defvar} does not change the value if the variable is already
initialized.  (@xref{Defining Variables}.)

  The simplest way to add an element to an alist is like this:

@example
(push '(leif-mode " Leif") minor-mode-alist)
@end example

@noindent
But this would add multiple elements if the library is reloaded.  To
avoid the problem, use @code{add-to-list} (@pxref{List Variables}):

@example
(add-to-list 'minor-mode-alist '(leif-mode " Leif"))
@end example

  Occasionally you will want to test explicitly whether a library has
already been loaded.  If the library uses @code{provide} to provide a
named feature, you can use @code{featurep} earlier in the file to test
whether the @code{provide} call has been executed before (@pxref{Named
Features}).  Alternatively, you could use something like this:

@example
(defvar foo-was-loaded nil)

(unless foo-was-loaded
  @var{execute-first-time-only}
  (setq foo-was-loaded t))
@end example

@noindent

@node Named Features
@section Features
@cindex features
@cindex requiring features
@cindex providing features

  @code{provide} and @code{require} are an alternative to
@code{autoload} for loading files automatically.  They work in terms of
named @dfn{features}.  Autoloading is triggered by calling a specific
function, but a feature is loaded the first time another program asks
for it by name.

  A feature name is a symbol that stands for a collection of functions,
variables, etc.  The file that defines them should @dfn{provide} the
feature.  Another program that uses them may ensure they are defined by
@dfn{requiring} the feature.  This loads the file of definitions if it
hasn't been loaded already.

@cindex load error with require
  To require the presence of a feature, call @code{require} with the
feature name as argument.  @code{require} looks in the global variable
@code{features} to see whether the desired feature has been provided
already.  If not, it loads the feature from the appropriate file.  This
file should call @code{provide} at the top level to add the feature to
@code{features}; if it fails to do so, @code{require} signals an error.

  For example, in @file{emacs/lisp/prolog.el},
the definition for @code{run-prolog} includes the following code:

@smallexample
(defun run-prolog ()
  "Run an inferior Prolog process, with I/O via buffer *prolog*."
  (interactive)
  (require 'comint)
  (switch-to-buffer (make-comint "prolog" prolog-program-name))
  (inferior-prolog-mode))
@end smallexample

@noindent
The expression @code{(require 'comint)} loads the file @file{comint.el}
if it has not yet been loaded.  This ensures that @code{make-comint} is
defined.  Features are normally named after the files that provide them,
so that @code{require} need not be given the file name.

The @file{comint.el} file contains the following top-level expression:

@smallexample
(provide 'comint)
@end smallexample

@noindent
This adds @code{comint} to the global @code{features} list, so that
@code{(require 'comint)} will henceforth know that nothing needs to be
done.

@cindex byte-compiling @code{require}
  When @code{require} is used at top level in a file, it takes effect
when you byte-compile that file (@pxref{Byte Compilation}) as well as
when you load it.  This is in case the required package contains macros
that the byte compiler must know about.  It also avoids byte compiler
warnings for functions and variables defined in the file loaded with
@code{require}.

  Although top-level calls to @code{require} are evaluated during
byte compilation, @code{provide} calls are not.  Therefore, you can
ensure that a file of definitions is loaded before it is byte-compiled
by including a @code{provide} followed by a @code{require} for the same
feature, as in the following example.

@smallexample
@group
(provide 'my-feature)  ; @r{Ignored by byte compiler,}
                       ;   @r{evaluated by @code{load}.}
(require 'my-feature)  ; @r{Evaluated by byte compiler.}
@end group
@end smallexample

@noindent
The compiler ignores the @code{provide}, then processes the
@code{require} by loading the file in question.  Loading the file does
execute the @code{provide} call, so the subsequent @code{require} call
does nothing when the file is loaded.

@defun provide feature &optional subfeatures
This function announces that @var{feature} is now loaded, or being
loaded, into the current Emacs session.  This means that the facilities
associated with @var{feature} are or will be available for other Lisp
programs.

The direct effect of calling @code{provide} is if not already in
@var{features} then to add @var{feature} to the front of that list and
call any @code{eval-after-load} code waiting for it (@pxref{Hooks for
Loading}).  The argument @var{feature} must be a symbol.
@code{provide} returns @var{feature}.

If provided, @var{subfeatures} should be a list of symbols indicating
a set of specific subfeatures provided by this version of
@var{feature}.  You can test the presence of a subfeature using
@code{featurep}.  The idea of subfeatures is that you use them when a
package (which is one @var{feature}) is complex enough to make it
useful to give names to various parts or functionalities of the
package, which might or might not be loaded, or might or might not be
present in a given version.  @xref{Network Feature Testing}, for
an example.

@smallexample
features
     @result{} (bar bish)

(provide 'foo)
     @result{} foo
features
     @result{} (foo bar bish)
@end smallexample

When a file is loaded to satisfy an autoload, and it stops due to an
error in the evaluation of its contents, any function definitions or
@code{provide} calls that occurred during the load are undone.
@xref{Autoload}.
@end defun

@defun require feature &optional filename noerror
This function checks whether @var{feature} is present in the current
Emacs session (using @code{(featurep @var{feature})}; see below).  The
argument @var{feature} must be a symbol.

If the feature is not present, then @code{require} loads @var{filename}
with @code{load}.  If @var{filename} is not supplied, then the name of
the symbol @var{feature} is used as the base file name to load.
However, in this case, @code{require} insists on finding @var{feature}
with an added @samp{.el} or @samp{.elc} suffix (possibly extended with
a compression suffix); a file whose name is just @var{feature} won't
be used.  (The variable @code{load-suffixes} specifies the exact
required Lisp suffixes.)

If @var{noerror} is non-@code{nil}, that suppresses errors from actual
loading of the file.  In that case, @code{require} returns @code{nil}
if loading the file fails.  Normally, @code{require} returns
@var{feature}.

If loading the file succeeds but does not provide @var{feature},
@code{require} signals an error, @samp{Required feature @var{feature}
was not provided}.
@end defun

@defun featurep feature &optional subfeature
This function returns @code{t} if @var{feature} has been provided in
the current Emacs session (i.e.@:, if @var{feature} is a member of
@code{features}.)  If @var{subfeature} is non-@code{nil}, then the
function returns @code{t} only if that subfeature is provided as well
(i.e.@: if @var{subfeature} is a member of the @code{subfeature}
property of the @var{feature} symbol.)
@end defun

@defvar features
The value of this variable is a list of symbols that are the features
loaded in the current Emacs session.  Each symbol was put in this list
with a call to @code{provide}.  The order of the elements in the
@code{features} list is not significant.
@end defvar

@node Where Defined
@section Which File Defined a Certain Symbol

@defun symbol-file symbol &optional type
This function returns the name of the file that defined @var{symbol}.
If @var{type} is @code{nil}, then any kind of definition is acceptable.
If @var{type} is @code{defun}, @code{defvar}, or @code{defface}, that
specifies function definition, variable definition, or face definition
only.

The value is normally an absolute file name.  It can also be @code{nil},
if the definition is not associated with any file.  If @var{symbol}
specifies an autoloaded function, the value can be a relative file name
without extension.
@end defun

  The basis for @code{symbol-file} is the data in the variable
@code{load-history}.

@defvar load-history
The value of this variable is an alist that associates the names of
loaded library files with the names of the functions and variables
they defined, as well as the features they provided or required.

Each element in this alist describes one loaded library (including
libraries that are preloaded at startup).  It is a list whose @sc{car}
is the absolute file name of the library (a string).  The rest of the
list elements have these forms:

@table @code
@item @var{var}
The symbol @var{var} was defined as a variable.
@item (defun . @var{fun})
The function @var{fun} was defined.
@item (t . @var{fun})
The function @var{fun} was previously an autoload before this library
redefined it as a function.  The following element is always
@code{(defun . @var{fun})}, which represents defining @var{fun} as a
function.
@item (autoload . @var{fun})
The function @var{fun} was defined as an autoload.
@item (defface . @var{face})
The face @var{face} was defined.
@item (require . @var{feature})
The feature @var{feature} was required.
@item (provide . @var{feature})
The feature @var{feature} was provided.
@end table

The value of @code{load-history} may have one element whose @sc{car} is
@code{nil}.  This element describes definitions made with
@code{eval-buffer} on a buffer that is not visiting a file.
@end defvar

  The command @code{eval-region} updates @code{load-history}, but does so
by adding the symbols defined to the element for the file being visited,
rather than replacing that element.  @xref{Eval}.

@node Unloading
@section Unloading
@cindex unloading packages

@c Emacs 19 feature
  You can discard the functions and variables loaded by a library to
reclaim memory for other Lisp objects.  To do this, use the function
@code{unload-feature}:

@deffn Command unload-feature feature &optional force
This command unloads the library that provided feature @var{feature}.
It undefines all functions, macros, and variables defined in that
library with @code{defun}, @code{defalias}, @code{defsubst},
@code{defmacro}, @code{defconst}, @code{defvar}, and @code{defcustom}.
It then restores any autoloads formerly associated with those symbols.
(Loading saves these in the @code{autoload} property of the symbol.)

Before restoring the previous definitions, @code{unload-feature} runs
@code{remove-hook} to remove functions in the library from certain
hooks.  These hooks include variables whose names end in @samp{hook}
or @samp{-hooks}, plus those listed in
@code{unload-feature-special-hooks}, as well as
@code{auto-mode-alist}.  This is to prevent Emacs from ceasing to
function because important hooks refer to functions that are no longer
defined.

Standard unloading activities also undoes ELP profiling of functions
in that library, unprovides any features provided by the library, and
cancels timers held in variables defined by the library.

@vindex @var{feature}-unload-function
If these measures are not sufficient to prevent malfunction, a library
can define an explicit unloader named @code{@var{feature}-unload-function}.
If that symbol is defined as a function, @code{unload-feature} calls
it with no arguments before doing anything else.  It can do whatever
is appropriate to unload the library.  If it returns @code{nil},
@code{unload-feature} proceeds to take the normal unload actions.
Otherwise it considers the job to be done.

Ordinarily, @code{unload-feature} refuses to unload a library on which
other loaded libraries depend.  (A library @var{a} depends on library
@var{b} if @var{a} contains a @code{require} for @var{b}.)  If the
optional argument @var{force} is non-@code{nil}, dependencies are
ignored and you can unload any library.
@end deffn

  The @code{unload-feature} function is written in Lisp; its actions are
based on the variable @code{load-history}.

@defvar unload-feature-special-hooks
This variable holds a list of hooks to be scanned before unloading a
library, to remove functions defined in the library.
@end defvar

@node Hooks for Loading
@section Hooks for Loading
@cindex loading hooks
@cindex hooks for loading

You can ask for code to be executed each time Emacs loads a library,
by using the variable @code{after-load-functions}:

@defvar after-load-functions
This abnormal hook is run after loading a file.  Each function in the
hook is called with a single argument, the absolute filename of the
file that was just loaded.
@end defvar

If you want code to be executed when a @emph{particular} library is
loaded, use the function @code{eval-after-load}:

@defun eval-after-load library form
This function arranges to evaluate @var{form} at the end of loading
the file @var{library}, each time @var{library} is loaded.  If
@var{library} is already loaded, it evaluates @var{form} right away.
Don't forget to quote @var{form}!

You don't need to give a directory or extension in the file name
@var{library}.  Normally, you just give a bare file name, like this:

@example
(eval-after-load "edebug" '(def-edebug-spec c-point t))
@end example

To restrict which files can trigger the evaluation, include a
directory or an extension or both in @var{library}.  Only a file whose
absolute true name (i.e., the name with all symbolic links chased out)
matches all the given name components will match.  In the following
example, @file{my_inst.elc} or @file{my_inst.elc.gz} in some directory
@code{..../foo/bar} will trigger the evaluation, but not
@file{my_inst.el}:

@example
(eval-after-load "foo/bar/my_inst.elc" @dots{})
@end example

@var{library} can also be a feature (i.e.@: a symbol), in which case
@var{form} is evaluated at the end of any file where
@code{(provide @var{library})} is called.

An error in @var{form} does not undo the load, but does prevent
execution of the rest of @var{form}.
@end defun

Normally, well-designed Lisp programs should not use
@code{eval-after-load}.  If you need to examine and set the variables
defined in another library (those meant for outside use), you can do
it immediately---there is no need to wait until the library is loaded.
If you need to call functions defined by that library, you should load
the library, preferably with @code{require} (@pxref{Named Features}).

@defvar after-load-alist
This variable stores an alist built by @code{eval-after-load},
containing the expressions to evaluate when certain libraries are
loaded.  Each element looks like this:

@example
(@var{regexp-or-feature} @var{forms}@dots{})
@end example

The key @var{regexp-or-feature} is either a regular expression or a
symbol, and the value is a list of forms.  The forms are evaluated
when the key matches the absolute true name or feature name of the
library being loaded.
@end defvar