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   1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual.
   2 @c Copyright (C) 1985-1987, 1993-1995, 2001-2016 Free Software
   3 @c Foundation, Inc.
   4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
   5 @iftex
   6 @chapter Entering and Exiting Emacs
   7
   8   This chapter explains how to enter Emacs, and how to exit it.
   9 @end iftex
  10
  11 @ifnottex
  12 @raisesections
  13 @end ifnottex
  14
  15 @node Entering Emacs
  16 @section Entering Emacs
  17 @cindex entering Emacs
  18 @cindex starting Emacs
  19
  20   The usual way to invoke Emacs is with the shell command
  21 @command{emacs}.  From a terminal window running in the X Window
  22 System, you can run Emacs in the background with @command{emacs &};
  23 this way, Emacs won't tie up the terminal window, so you can use it to
  24 run other shell commands.
  25
  26 @cindex startup screen
  27   When Emacs starts up, the initial frame displays a special buffer
  28 named @samp{*GNU Emacs*}.  This @dfn{startup screen} contains
  29 information about Emacs and @dfn{links} to common tasks that are
  30 useful for beginning users.  For instance, activating the @samp{Emacs
  31 Tutorial} link opens the Emacs tutorial; this does the same thing as
  32 the command @kbd{C-h t} (@code{help-with-tutorial}).  To activate a
  33 link, either move point onto it and type @kbd{@key{RET}}, or click on
  34 it with @kbd{mouse-1} (the left mouse button).
  35
  36   Using a command line argument, you can tell Emacs to visit one or
  37 more files as soon as it starts up.  For example, @command{emacs
  38 foo.txt} starts Emacs with a buffer displaying the contents of the
  39 file @samp{foo.txt}.  This feature exists mainly for compatibility
  40 with other editors, which are designed to be launched from the shell
  41 for short editing sessions.  If you call Emacs this way, the initial
  42 frame is split into two windows---one showing the specified file, and
  43 the other showing the startup screen.  @xref{Windows}.
  44
  45   Generally, it is unnecessary and wasteful to start Emacs afresh each
  46 time you want to edit a file.  The recommended way to use Emacs is to
  47 start it just once, just after you log in, and do all your editing in
  48 the same Emacs session.  @xref{Files}, for information on visiting
  49 more than one file.  If you use Emacs this way, the Emacs session
  50 accumulates valuable context, such as the kill ring, registers, undo
  51 history, and mark ring data, which together make editing more
  52 convenient.  These features are described later in the manual.
  53
  54   To edit a file from another program while Emacs is running, you can
  55 use the @command{emacsclient} helper program to open a file in the
  56 existing Emacs session.  @xref{Emacs Server}.
  57
  58   Emacs accepts other command line arguments that tell it to load
  59 certain Lisp files, where to put the initial frame, and so forth.
  60 @xref{Emacs Invocation}.
  61
  62 @vindex inhibit-startup-screen
  63   If the variable @code{inhibit-startup-screen} is non-@code{nil},
  64 Emacs does not display the startup screen.  In that case, if one or
  65 more files were specified on the command line, Emacs simply displays
  66 those files; otherwise, it displays a buffer named @file{*scratch*},
  67 which can be used to evaluate Emacs Lisp expressions interactively.
  68 @xref{Lisp Interaction}.  You can set the variable
  69 @code{inhibit-startup-screen} using the Customize facility
  70 (@pxref{Easy Customization}), or by editing your initialization file
  71 (@pxref{Init File}).@footnote{Setting @code{inhibit-startup-screen} in
  72 @file{site-start.el} doesn't work, because the startup screen is set
  73 up before reading @file{site-start.el}.  @xref{Init File}, for
  74 information about @file{site-start.el}.}
  75
  76   You can also force Emacs to display a file or directory at startup
  77 by setting the variable @code{initial-buffer-choice} to a string
  78 naming that file or directory.  The value of
  79 @code{initial-buffer-choice} may also be a function (of no arguments)
  80 that should return a buffer which is then displayed.
  81 @ignore
  82 @c I do not think this should be mentioned.  AFAICS it is just a dodge
  83 @c around inhibit-startup-screen not being settable on a site-wide basis.
  84 @code{initial-buffer-choice} may also be @code{t} in which case the
  85 @file{*scratch*} buffer will be shown.
  86 @end ignore
  87 If @code{initial-buffer-choice} is non-@code{nil}, then if you specify
  88 any files on the command line, Emacs still visits them, but does not
  89 display them initially.
  90
  91 @node Exiting
  92 @section Exiting Emacs
  93 @cindex exiting
  94 @cindex killing Emacs
  95 @cindex leaving Emacs
  96 @cindex quitting Emacs
  97
  98 @table @kbd
  99 @item C-x C-c
 100 Kill Emacs (@code{save-buffers-kill-terminal}).
 101 @item C-z
 102 On a text terminal, suspend Emacs; on a graphical display,
 103 iconify (or ``minimize'') the selected frame (@code{suspend-emacs}).
 104 @end table
 105
 106 @kindex C-x C-c
 107 @findex save-buffers-kill-terminal
 108   @dfn{Killing} Emacs means terminating the Emacs program.  To do
 109 this, type @kbd{C-x C-c} (@code{save-buffers-kill-terminal}).  A
 110 two-character key sequence is used to make it harder to type by
 111 accident.  If there are any modified file-visiting buffers when you
 112 type @kbd{C-x C-c}, Emacs first offers to save these buffers.  If you
 113 do not save them all, it asks for confirmation again, since the
 114 unsaved changes will be lost.  Emacs also asks for confirmation if any
 115 subprocesses are still running, since killing Emacs will also kill the
 116 subprocesses (@pxref{Shell}).
 117
 118   @kbd{C-x C-c} behaves specially if you are using Emacs as a server.
 119 If you type it from a client frame, it closes the client
 120 connection.  @xref{Emacs Server}.
 121
 122   Emacs can, optionally, record certain session information when you
 123 kill it, such as the files you were visiting at the time.  This
 124 information is then available the next time you start Emacs.
 125 @xref{Saving Emacs Sessions}.
 126
 127 @vindex confirm-kill-emacs
 128   If the value of the variable @code{confirm-kill-emacs} is
 129 non-@code{nil}, @kbd{C-x C-c} assumes that its value is a predicate
 130 function, and calls that function.  If the result of the function call
 131 is non-@code{nil}, the session is killed, otherwise Emacs continues to
 132 run.  One convenient function to use as the value of
 133 @code{confirm-kill-emacs} is the function @code{yes-or-no-p}.  The
 134 default value of @code{confirm-kill-emacs} is @code{nil}.
 135
 136   To further customize what happens when Emacs is exiting, see
 137 @ref{Killing Emacs,,, elisp, The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.
 138
 139 @findex kill-emacs
 140   To kill Emacs without being prompted about saving, type @kbd{M-x
 141 kill-emacs}.
 142
 143 @kindex C-z
 144 @findex suspend-frame
 145 @cindex minimizing
 146 @cindex iconifying
 147 @cindex suspending
 148   @kbd{C-z} runs the command @code{suspend-frame}.  On a graphical
 149 display, this command @dfn{minimizes} (or @dfn{iconifies}) the
 150 selected Emacs frame, hiding it in a way that lets you bring it back
 151 later (exactly how this hiding occurs depends on the window system).
 152 On a text terminal, the @kbd{C-z} command @dfn{suspends} Emacs,
 153 stopping the program temporarily and returning control to the parent
 154 process (usually a shell); in most shells, you can resume Emacs after
 155 suspending it with the shell command @command{%emacs}.
 156
 157   Text terminals usually listen for certain special characters whose
 158 meaning is to kill or suspend the program you are running.  @b{This
 159 terminal feature is turned off while you are in Emacs.}  The meanings
 160 of @kbd{C-z} and @kbd{C-x C-c} as keys in Emacs were inspired by the
 161 use of @kbd{C-z} and @kbd{C-c} on several operating systems as the
 162 characters for stopping or killing a program, but that is their only
 163 relationship with the operating system.  You can customize these keys
 164 to run any commands of your choice (@pxref{Keymaps}).
 165
 166 @ifnottex
 167 @lowersections
 168 @end ifnottex