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  12   <h1>The rEFInd Boot Manager:<br />Using EFI Drivers</h1>
  13
  14   <p class="subhead">by Roderick W. Smith, <a
  15 href="mailto:rodsmith@rodsbooks.com">rodsmith@rodsbooks.com</a></p>
  16
  17 <p>Originally written: 4/19/2012; last Web page update:
  18 12/30/2012, referencing rEFInd 0.6.2</p>
  19
  20
  21 <p>I'm a technical writer and consultant specializing in Linux technologies. This Web page is provided free of charge and with no annoying outside ads; however, I did take time to prepare it, and Web hosting does cost money. If you find this Web page useful, please consider making a small donation to help keep this site up and running. Thanks!</p>
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  87 <hr />
  88
  89 <p>This page is part of the documentation for the rEFInd boot manager. If a Web search has brought you here, you may want to start at the <a href="index.html">main page.</a></p>
  90
  91 <hr />
  92
  93 <p>Beginning with version 0.2.7, rEFInd has been able to load EFI drivers, and as of version 0.4.0, it has shipped with some EFI filesystem drivers. Although EFI implementations should be able to load drivers prior to rEFInd's launch, in my experience, most EFI implementations offer such poor control over EFI driver loading that they can't be counted on to do this. Thus, if you want to use EFI drivers, rEFInd's ability to do so can be useful. This page tells you why you might want to use drivers, how you can install and use rEFInd's own drivers, where you can go to find other drivers, and provides tips on a few specific drivers.</p>
  94
  95 <h2>Why Should You Use EFI Drivers?</h2>
  96
  97 <p>EFI supports drivers, which can activate hardware or filesystems in the pre-boot environment. At the moment, EFI drivers are few and far between; but you can or might want to use them for various reasons:</p>
  98
  99 <ul>
 100
 101 <li>You can load a filesystem driver to gain access to files on a filesystem other than FAT (or HFS+ on Macs or ISO-9660 on some systems). This is most likely to be useful on a Linux installation, since a filesystem driver can enable you to store a Linux kernel with EFI stub loader or for use by ELILO on a Linux-native filesystem if your ESP is getting crowded.</li>
 102
 103 <li>You can load a driver for a plug-in disk controller to give the EFI access to its disks. Note that this is <i>not</i> required if you place your boot loader (and perhaps your OS kernel) on another disk, or if the plug-in disk controller includes EFI-capable firmware. It could be handy, perhaps in conjunction with a filesystem driver, to enable the EFI to read a boot loader or kernel from a disk on a plug-in controller, though.</li>
 104
 105 <li>You can load a driver for a plug-in network card to enable the computer to boot from the network, or to access the network without booting an OS. Note that rEFInd does not currently support network boots itself, though.</li>
 106
 107 <li>You can load a video card driver to set an appropriate video mode or to support a plug-in card that lacks EFI support in ts own firmware.</li>
 108
 109 </ul>
 110
 111 <p>Note that most of these uses are theoretical, at least to me; I don't know of any specific examples of EFI drivers (available as separate files) for disk controller hardware, network cards, or video cards. Such drivers are often embedded in the firmware of the devices themselves, and should be loaded automatically by the EFI. Chances are good that a few such drivers are available, unknown to me, and more may become available in the future. If you happen to have a device and need support for it under EFI, searching for drivers is certainly worth doing.</p>
 112
 113 <p>To the best of my knowledge, the best reason to want EFI driver support in rEFInd is to provide access to filesystems. Although EFI filesystem driver choices are currently limited, those that are available can help to improve your installation and configuration options, particularly if you've found yourself "boxed in" by awkward installation or bugs, such as the dinky ESP that Ubuntu creates by default or the bug that prevents a Linux kernel with <a href="http://www.rodsbooks.com/efi-bootloaders/efistub.html">EFI stub loader support</a> from booting from the ESP of at least some Macs.</p>
 114
 115 <p>As a side note, using an ISO-9660 driver can theoretically help you keep the size of a custom Linux boot CD/DVD down to a reasonable value. This is because EFI systems normally boot from optical discs by reading a FAT image file in El Torito format and treating that file as an ESP. If you need to store the kernel both in that file and directly in the ISO-9660 filesystem (to maintain bootability on BIOS systems), that can represent an unwanted extra space requirement. Placing rEFInd and an ISO-9660 driver in the FAT image file should enable you to store the kernel on the disc only once. Unfortunately, this doesn't work in practice. When the ISO-9660 driver is loaded from the El Torito image, the driver discovers that the optical disc is in use and refuses to access it. It's possible to use EFI shell commands to give the ISO-9660 driver access to the shell device, but this causes the El Torito access to go away, which means that anything loaded from the El Torito image (such as rEFInd) is likely to malfunction. Also, some EFI implementations include ISO-9660 drivers, so you might not need a separate ISO-9660 driver if you're building a disc for a particular computer.</p>
 116
 117 <h2>Using rEFInd's EFI Drivers</h2>
 118
 119 <p class="sidebar"><b>Note:</b> If you want to use the drivers with a Mac, be sure to use at least version 0.4.3. Earlier versions were incompatible with the Mac's EFI 1.x firmware. Alternatively, you can use the drivers that came with <a href="http://refit.sourceforge.net">rEFIt,</a> which work on Macs.</p>
 120
 121 <p>Since version 0.4.0, rEFInd has shipped with a small collection of read-only EFI filesystem drivers. These are:</p>
 122
 123 <ul>
 124
 125 <li><b>ReiserFS</b>&mdash;This driver originated with rEFIt. It's useful
 126     for reading Linux kernels from a separate <tt>/boot</tt> partition, or
 127     even from a root (<tt>/</tt>) filesystem, if you use ReiserFS on it.
 128     <b>Caution:</b> If you use this driver, you should use the
 129     <tt>notail</tt> option in Linux's <tt>/etc/fstab</tt> file for the
 130     partition(s) you want the EFI to read. This is because the driver
 131     doesn't properly handle ReiserFS's "tail-packing" feature, so files can
 132     seem to be corrupted in EFI if you use this feature, which is disabled
 133     by <tt>notail</tt>.</li>
 134
 135 <li><b>Ext2fs</b>&mdash;This driver also originated with rEFIt. It can be
 136     used in the same way as the ReiserFS driver. Although it's called an
 137     "ext2fs" driver, it also works with ext3fs.</li>
 138
 139 <li><b>Ext4fs</b>&mdash;Stefan Agner <a
 140     href="https://github.com/falstaff84/rEFInd">modified the rEFIt/rEFInd
 141     ext2fs driver</a> so that it could handle ext4fs. I'm including this as
 142     a separate driver from the ext2fs driver, although the ext4fs version
 143     can handle ext2fs and ext3fs, too. (I may eventually retire the
 144     original ext2fs driver, but I want to be conservative about this in
 145     case there's an undiscovered problem with the new driver.) This driver
 146     has some limitations. Most notably, for various reasons it maxes out at
 147     16TiB and won't mount any ext4 filesystem that's larger than this. As
 148     of version 0.6.1, this driver supports the <tt>meta_bg</tt> feature,
 149     which can also be used on ext2fs and ext3fs. Thus, it can handle some
 150     ext2fs and ext3fs partitions that the ext2fs driver can't handle. You
 151     can learn about your ext2/3/4 filesystem features by typing <tt
 152     class="userinput">dumpe2fs <i>/dev/sda2</i> | grep features</tt>,
 153     changing <tt class="userinput"><i>/dev/sda2</i></tt> to your
 154     filesystem's device.</li>
 155
 156 <li><b>ISO-9660</b>&mdash;This driver originated with rEFIt's author, but
 157     he never released a final version. Its code was improved by Oracle for
 158     use in its VirtualBox product, and then further modified by the authors
 159     of the <a
 160     href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/cloverefiboot/">Clover</a> boot
 161     loader. If your firmware doesn't provide its own ISO-9660 driver, this
 162     one can be helpful; however, you may need to install it on your hard
 163     disk before you can read an optical disc.</li>
 164
 165 <li><b>HFS+</b>&mdash;Oracle seems to have written this driver, apparently
 166     with some code taken from open source Apple examples. It was then
 167     further modified by the Clover authors. I expect this driver to have
 168     limited appeal to most rEFInd users. Macs don't need it, since Apple's EFI
 169     implementation provides its own HFS+ driver, and HFS+ isn't normally
 170     used on UEFI-based PCs. Some CDs are mastered with both ISO-9660 and
 171     HFS+, or even with HFS+ alone, and it's conceivable that an HFS+ driver
 172     would be useful when accessing such discs. I'm providing the driver
 173     mainly because it compiled cleanly with no extra work, aside from
 174     providing a Makefile entry for it.</li>
 175
 176 </ul>
 177
 178 <p>All of these drivers rely on filesystem wrapper code written by rEFIt's author, Christoph Phisterer. They all suffer from speed problems on some systems, as described later in <a href="#notes">"Notes on Specific Drivers;"</a> however, these problems are very minor on most systems.</p>
 179
 180 <p class="sidebar"><b>Note:</b> rEFInd's <tt>install.sh</tt> script does not install drivers by default on OS X, but on Linux, it installs the driver required to read the <tt>/boot</tt> directory, if one is available. The script installs all the available drivers if you pass it the <tt>--drivers</tt> option. See the <a href="installing.html">Installing rEFInd</a> page for details.</p>
 181
 182 <p>If you want to use one or more of these drivers, you can install them from the rEFInd binary package from the <tt>refind/drivers_<tt class="variable">arch</tt></tt> directory, where <tt class="variable">arch</tt> is a CPU architecture code&mdash;<tt>x64</tt> or <tt>ia32</tt>. The files are named after the filesystems they handle, such as <tt>ext4_x64.efi</tt> for the 64-bit ext4fs driver. You should copy the files for the filesystems you want to use to the <tt>drivers</tt> or <tt>drivers_<tt class="variable">arch</tt></tt> subdirectory of the main rEFInd installation directory. (You may need to create this subdirectory.) Be careful to install drivers only for your own architecture. Attempting to load drivers for the wrong CPU type will cause a small delay at best, or may cause the computer to crash at worst. I've placed rEFInd's drivers in directories that are named to minimize this risk, but you should exercise care when copying driver files.</p>
 183
 184 <p class="sidebar"><b>Warning:</b> <i>Do not</i> place EFI program files in your driver directories! Unfortunately, EFI uses the same <tt>.efi</tt> filename extension to identify both EFI program files and EFI drivers. Therefore, rEFInd can't distinguish between the two prior to loading them, and if you place program files in a drivers directory, rEFInd will run the EFI program file when it does its driver scan.</p>
 185
 186 <p>When you reboot after installing drivers, rEFInd should automatically detect and use the drivers you install. There's likely to be an extra delay, typically from one to five seconds, as rEFInd loads the drivers and tells the EFI to detect the filesystems they handle. For this reason, and because of the possibility of drivers harboring bugs, I recommend installing only those drivers that you need. If you like, you can install drivers you don't plan on using to some other directory, such as <tt>/drivers</tt> on the ESP's root. You can then load these drivers manually with the EFI shell's <tt>load</tt> command if the need arises in the future. You can then tell the shell to re-assign drive identifiers with <tt>map -r</tt>:</p>
 187
 188 <pre class="listing">
 189 fs0: <tt class="userinput">load reiserfs_x64.efi</tt>
 190 fs0: <tt class="userinput">map -r</tt>
 191 </pre>
 192
 193 <h2>Finding Additional EFI Drivers</h2>
 194
 195 <p>As already noted, I know of no EFI drivers for EFI hardware, aside from those that are built into motherboards' EFI implementations. I do, however, know of a few EFI filesystem drivers, in addition to those provided with rEFInd:</p>
 196
 197 <ul>
 198
 199 <li><b><a href="http://refit.sourceforge.net">rEFIt's ext2fs and ReiserFS drivers</a></b>&mdash;You can gain read-only access to ext2fs, ext3fs, and ReiserFS volumes with these drivers, originally written by Christoph Pfisterer. You can use the binaries in the <tt>refit-bin-0.14/efi/tools/drivers</tt> directory of the binary package directly on a Mac. On a UEFI-based PC, though, you'll need to break the Mac-style "fat" binary into its 32- and 64-bit components. You can use my <a href="http://www.rodsbooks.com/thin/index.html"><tt>thin</tt></a> program for this job.</li>
 200
 201 <li><b><a href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/cloverefiboot/">Clover EFI's ISO-9660, ext2fs, and HFS+ drivers</a></b>&mdash;This project is an offshoot of TianoCore, the main UEFI project. It's primarily a Hackintosh boot loader, but it includes drivers for <a href="http://cloverefiboot.svn.sourceforge.net/viewvc/cloverefiboot/VBoxFsDxe/">ISO-9660, ext2fs, and HFS+;</a> however, building them requires a fair amount of expertise. These drivers served as a starting point for rEFInd's drivers.</li>
 202
 203 <li><b><a href="http://www.osx86.net/view/2571-clover_v2_r384__efi_bootloader_pkg_+_gpt_efi_tools.html">Clover's EFI Tools package</a></b>&mdash;This osx86.net thread includes links to a package called <tt>EFI_Tools_Clover_v2_r447_EFI_x32_x64_EN.zip</tt>, which holds an OS X application (a directory with a <tt>.app</tt> extension, as seen from other platforms) with a number of drivers in the <tt>Contents/Resources/EFI/drivers64</tt> directory (and an equivalent for 32-bit binaries). Some of these, such as keyboard drivers, are unlikely to be useful unless your system is badly broken as delivered. Three that caught my eye, however, are <tt>VBoxExt2-64.efi</tt>, <tt>NTFS-64.efi</tt>, and <tt>VBoxIso9600-64.efi</tt>.</li>
 204
 205 <li><b><a href="https://www.virtualbox.org/browser/vbox/trunk/src/VBox/Devices/EFI/Firmware2/VBoxPkg/VBoxFsDxe">VirtualBox's HFS+ and ISO-9660 drivers</a></b>&mdash;These drivers are available in source code form, and come with VirtualBox binaries. I've not attempted to compile them myself, but I've seen a report that suggests they may include assumptions that require use of <a href="http://www.mingw.org/">MinGW,</a> a GCC-based compiler for Windows (and cross-compiler to build Windows executables under Linux). I don't know of a source for binaries suitable for use on EFI-based computers; if you want to use them, you'll need to figure out how to compile them yourself.</li>
 206
 207 <li><b>Ext2Pkg</b>&mdash;This driver, based on <a href="https://bitbucket.org/alinrus/ext2pkg">bitbucket</a> and with a backup on <a href="https://github.com/the-ridikulus-rat/Tianocore_Ext2Pkg">github,</a> appears to be an ext2fs/ext3fs driver built independently of the driver written by Christoph Pfisterer. The linked-to sites provide access to source code via <tt>git</tt> but do not provide binaries. When I built binaries, they failed to work. Under VirtualBox, the driver loaded but then hung when I tried to access an ext2 filesystem. On a 32-bit Mac Mini, I got error messages when I tried to access an ext2 filesystem. As I write, the code was last updated in March of 2012. If you check the project and it's been updated more recently, it might be worth trying. Otherwise, I can't recommend this driver. I mention it here only in case it improves in the future.</li>
 208
 209 </ul>
 210
 211 <p>Most of these cross-project drivers appear to be related, and most of them have fed into rEFInd's drivers. I used the Clover package, which in turn was based on the VirtualBox drivers, as a starting point. Everybody else has dropped rEFIt's original ReiserFS driver, but I added that back. Of these drivers, only the Clover EFI Tools NTFS driver is missing from rEFInd. Specific versions can have their own quirks, though. For instance, the Clover (and I suspect VirtualBox) drivers don't return volume labels, which causes rEFInd to display loaders on those volumes as being on a disk called <tt>Unknown</tt>. (I fixed that bug for rEFInd's version, and it wasn't present in the original rEFIt drivers.)</p>
 212
 213 <p>Driver availability could increase in the future. Source code to a wide variety of filesystems is available in GRUB Legacy, GRUB 2, Linux, various BSD kernels, and in other projects. Sooner or later somebody's likely to begin porting those drivers to EFI. If you do so, or if you know of additional EFI drivers, please <a href="mailto:rodsmith@rodsbooks.com">tell me about it,</a> so I can share the information here. Likewise if you know of a source for other EFI drivers&mdash;say, for a video card or disk controller card.</p>
 214
 215 <p>Once you've obtained an EFI driver, you can install it in rEFInd just as you would install rEFInd's own drivers, as described earlier.</p>
 216
 217 <a name="notes">
 218 <h2>Notes on Specific Drivers</h2>
 219 </a>
 220
 221 <p>I've tested several of the drivers described on this page on a handful of systems. The Pfisterer ext2fs driver (from any source) works on both ext2fs and ext3fs, but not on ext4fs&mdash;but Agner's derivative ext4fs driver handles ext4fs, so that's not a problem. The ReiserFS driver is obviously useful only on ReiserFS partitions. (Reiser4 is not supported, as far as I know.) Given that ext2fs, ext3fs, and ReiserFS are getting a bit on in age by Linux standards, you might do well to use them on a separate Linux <tt>/boot</tt> partition; however, if you're willing to use ext3fs, ext4fs, or ReiserFS on your root (<tt>/</tt>) filesystem, you can use the EFI drivers to read your kernel from it. Note that this assumes you use conventional partitions; to the best of my knowledge, there's no EFI driver for Linux's Logical Volume Manager (LVM) or Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) configurations, so the EFI can't access filesystems stored in these ways.</p>
 222
 223 <p>The Pfisterer ReiserFS and ext2fs drivers work, but they are a bit sluggish&mdash;particularly the ext2fs driver. The Agner ext4fs driver, when handling an actual ext4 filesystem, is in-between these two drivers in speed. The extent of the problem depends on the computer. In my tests so far, VirtualBox has fared the worst. On it, loading a Linux kernel with EFI stub loader from a FAT partition takes 2 seconds, from the moment of selecting the OS in rEFInd to the moment the kernel messages begin to appear. The equivalent time using ReiserFS or HFS+ is 20 seconds, with ext4fs it's 75 seconds, and with ext2fs it's 200 seconds (that is, 3 minutes and 20 seconds). On a 32-bit Mac Mini, though, the speed problem is much less pronounced&mdash;my kernel loads in just 3 seconds from a ReiserFS partition and in 13 seconds from an ext2 filesystem. Speeds were similar with my newest computer, an ASUS P8H77-I board. Times with ext2fs on a UEFI PC with an Intel motherboard are in the 2&ndash;4 second range. If you try the ext2fs driver and it seems to hang, be patient; it may finally boot up. If so, and if the delay is too great for you to accept, you might consider using ext4fs or ReiserFS instead of ext2fs or ext3fs, at least if a change is practical. (For a <tt>/boot</tt> partition, it almost certainly is practical; you can back it up quite easily, create a fresh filesystem on it, and restore it. You may need to adjust your <tt>/etc/fstab</tt> entry for a new UUID value, though. As noted earlier, be sure to use <tt>notail</tt> as an option in <tt>/etc/fstab</tt> for ReiserFS if you want to read it from EFI.) You can even use HFS+ on a Linux <tt>/boot</tt> partition, although this makes the most sense on a Mac, which has its own EFI HFS+ driver. Of course, you can also create a FAT <tt>/boot</tt> partition and not deal with drivers at all. Mounting your ESP at <tt>/boot</tt> is a practical solution for many users.</p>
 224
 225 <p>Since the ext2fs and ReiserFS drivers share a common origin, it should come as no surprise that they perform in much the same way no matter which version (rEFIt, Clover, or rEFInd) you use. The NTFS driver from the Clover Tools package is nice and speedy, so if for some reason you need to place a boot loader on an NTFS volume, this driver might be worth tracking down.</p>
 226
 227 <p>Although ext2fs, ext3fs, ext4fs, and ReiserFS are all case-sensitive, these drivers treat them in a case-insensitive way. Symbolic links work, which opens up possibilities for configuration, such as using a single kernel binary for multiple Linux distributions, with a link in one subdirectory pointing to a file in another directory. (If you try this, though, be sure to use <i>relative</i> links, as in <tt>../otherdist/bzImage.efi</tt>, at least if the partition is not Linux's root filesystem.)</p>
 228
 229 </ul>
 230
 231 <hr />
 232
 233 <p>copyright &copy; 2012 by Roderick W. Smith</p>
 234
 235 <p>This document is licensed under the terms of the <a href="FDL-1.3.txt">GNU Free Documentation License (FDL), version 1.3.</a></p>
 236
 237 <p>If you have problems with or comments about this Web page, please e-mail me at <a href="mailto:rodsmith@rodsbooks.com">rodsmith@rodsbooks.com.</a> Thanks.</p>
 238
 239 <p><a href="index.html">Go to the main rEFInd page</a></p>
 240
 241 <p><a href="linux.html">Learn about how to adjust rEFInd's appearance</a></p>
 242
 243   <p><a href="http://www.rodsbooks.com/">Return</a> to my main Web page.</p>
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