]> code.delx.au - spectrwm/blobdiff - spectrwm.c
oops, killed a d on the way out
[spectrwm] / spectrwm.c
index 423db9287bd5f2012e765595e43bd1337991a68f..e202f9c11fb131598a827e99f636dbb87d6639c3 100644 (file)
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@
  * Copyright (c) 2009 Pierre-Yves Ritschard <pyr@spootnik.org>
  * Copyright (c) 2010 Tuukka Kataja <stuge@xor.fi>
  * Copyright (c) 2011 Jason L. Wright <jason@thought.net>
- * Copyright (c) 2011-2012 Reginald Kennedy <rk@rejii.com>
+ * Copyright (c) 2011-2013 Reginald Kennedy <rk@rejii.com>
  * Copyright (c) 2011-2012 Lawrence Teo <lteo@lteo.net>
  * Copyright (c) 2011-2012 Tiago Cunha <tcunha@gmx.com>
- * Copyright (c) 2012 David Hill <dhill@mindcry.org>
+ * Copyright (c) 2012-2013 David Hill <dhill@mindcry.org>
  *
  * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
  * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@
 #include <locale.h>
 #include <paths.h>
 #include <pwd.h>
+#include <regex.h>
 #include <signal.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
@@ -141,6 +142,7 @@ static const char   *buildstr = SPECTRWM_VERSION;
 #define xcb_icccm_get_wm_class_reply_t         xcb_get_wm_class_reply_t
 #define xcb_icccm_get_wm_class_reply_wipe      xcb_get_wm_class_reply_wipe
 #define xcb_icccm_get_wm_hints                 xcb_get_wm_hints
+#define xcb_icccm_wm_hints_get_urgency         xcb_wm_hints_get_urgency
 #define xcb_icccm_get_wm_hints_reply           xcb_get_wm_hints_reply
 #define        xcb_icccm_get_wm_name                   xcb_get_wm_name
 #define xcb_icccm_get_wm_name_reply            xcb_get_wm_name_reply
@@ -243,18 +245,30 @@ u_int32_t         swm_debug = 0
 #define SH_INC_W(w)            (w)->sh.width_inc
 #define SH_INC_H(w)            (w)->sh.height_inc
 #define SWM_MAX_FONT_STEPS     (3)
-#define WINID(w)               ((w) ? (w)->id : 0)
+#define WINID(w)               ((w) ? (w)->id : XCB_WINDOW_NONE)
+#define WS_FOCUSED(ws)         ((ws)->r && (ws)->r->s->r_focus == (ws)->r)
 #define YESNO(x)               ((x) ? "yes" : "no")
 
+/* Constrain Window flags */
+#define SWM_CW_RESIZABLE       (0x01)
+#define SWM_CW_SOFTBOUNDARY    (0x02)
+#define SWM_CW_HARDBOUNDARY    (0x04)
+#define SWM_CW_RIGHT           (0x10)
+#define SWM_CW_LEFT            (0x20)
+#define SWM_CW_BOTTOM          (0x40)
+#define SWM_CW_TOP             (0x80)
+#define SWM_CW_ALLSIDES                (0xf0)
+
 #define SWM_FOCUS_DEFAULT      (0)
 #define SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW       (1)
 #define SWM_FOCUS_MANUAL       (2)
 
 #define SWM_CK_NONE            0
-#define SWM_CK_ALL             0x7
+#define SWM_CK_ALL             0xf
 #define SWM_CK_FOCUS           0x1
 #define SWM_CK_POINTER         0x2
 #define SWM_CK_FALLBACK                0x4
+#define SWM_CK_REGION          0x8
 
 #define SWM_CONF_DEFAULT       (0)
 #define SWM_CONF_KEYMAPPING    (1)
@@ -268,14 +282,11 @@ xcb_atom_t                a_state;
 xcb_atom_t             a_prot;
 xcb_atom_t             a_delete;
 xcb_atom_t             a_takefocus;
-xcb_atom_t             a_wmname;
-xcb_atom_t             a_netwmname;
 xcb_atom_t             a_utf8_string;
-xcb_atom_t             a_string;
 xcb_atom_t             a_swm_iconic;
 xcb_atom_t             a_swm_ws;
-volatile sig_atomic_t   running = 1;
-volatile sig_atomic_t   restart_wm = 0;
+volatile sig_atomic_t  running = 1;
+volatile sig_atomic_t  restart_wm = 0;
 xcb_timestamp_t                last_event_time = 0;
 int                    outputs = 0;
 int                    other_wm;
@@ -287,6 +298,7 @@ Display                     *display;
 xcb_connection_t       *conn;
 xcb_key_symbols_t      *syms;
 
+int                    boundary_width = 50;
 int                    cycle_empty = 0;
 int                    cycle_visible = 0;
 int                    term_width = 0;
@@ -333,10 +345,10 @@ double                    dialog_ratio = 0.6;
 #define SWM_BAR_JUSTIFY_CENTER (1)
 #define SWM_BAR_JUSTIFY_RIGHT  (2)
 #define SWM_BAR_OFFSET         (4)
-#define SWM_BAR_FONTS          "-*-terminus-medium-*-*-*-12-*-*-*-*-*-*-*," \
-                               "-*-profont-*-*-*-*-12-*-*-*-*-*-*-*,"      \
-                               "-*-times-medium-r-*-*-12-*-*-*-*-*-*-*,"    \
-                               "-misc-fixed-medium-r-*-*-12-*-*-*-*-*-*-*,"  \
+#define SWM_BAR_FONTS          "-*-terminus-medium-*-*-*-12-*-*-*-*-*-*-*,"\
+                               "-*-profont-*-*-*-*-12-*-*-*-*-*-*-*,"\
+                               "-*-times-medium-r-*-*-12-*-*-*-*-*-*-*,"\
+                               "-misc-fixed-medium-r-*-*-12-*-*-*-*-*-*-*,"\
                                "-*-*-*-r-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*"
 
 #ifdef X_HAVE_UTF8_STRING
@@ -354,18 +366,18 @@ int                bar_version = 0;
 int             bar_enabled = 1;
 int             bar_border_width = 1;
 int             bar_at_bottom = 0;
-int             bar_extra = 1;
-int             bar_extra_running = 0;
+int             bar_extra = 0;
 int             bar_verbose = 1;
 int             bar_height = 0;
 int             bar_justify = SWM_BAR_JUSTIFY_LEFT;
 char            *bar_format = NULL;
 int             stack_enabled = 1;
 int             clock_enabled = 1;
+int             iconic_enabled = 0;
 int             urgent_enabled = 0;
 char           *clock_format = NULL;
-int             title_name_enabled = 0;
-int             title_class_enabled = 0;
+int             window_class_enabled = 0;
+int             window_instance_enabled = 0;
 int             window_name_enabled = 0;
 int             focus_mode = SWM_FOCUS_DEFAULT;
 int             focus_close = SWM_STACK_BELOW;
@@ -374,6 +386,8 @@ int          focus_default = SWM_STACK_TOP;
 int             spawn_position = SWM_STACK_TOP;
 int             disable_border = 0;
 int             border_width = 1;
+int             region_padding = 0;
+int             tile_gap = 0;
 int             verbose_layout = 0;
 time_t          time_started;
 pid_t           bar_pid;
@@ -384,6 +398,8 @@ int          bar_font_legacy = 1;
 char           *bar_fonts;
 XftColor        bar_font_color;
 struct passwd  *pwd;
+char           *startup_exception;
+unsigned int    nr_exceptions = 0;
 
 /* layout manager data */
 struct swm_geometry {
@@ -405,6 +421,7 @@ struct swm_bar {
 /* virtual "screens" */
 struct swm_region {
        TAILQ_ENTRY(swm_region) entry;
+       xcb_window_t            id;
        struct swm_geometry     g;
        struct workspace        *ws;    /* current workspace on this region */
        struct workspace        *ws_prior; /* prior workspace on this region */
@@ -437,7 +454,6 @@ struct ws_win {
        unsigned long           quirks;
        struct workspace        *ws;    /* always valid */
        struct swm_screen       *s;     /* always valid, never changes */
-       xcb_get_geometry_reply_t        *wa;
        xcb_size_hints_t        sh;
        xcb_icccm_get_wm_class_reply_t  ch;
        xcb_icccm_wm_hints_t    hints;
@@ -519,6 +535,7 @@ struct workspace {
 enum {
        SWM_S_COLOR_BAR,
        SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_BORDER,
+       SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_BORDER_UNFOCUS,
        SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_FONT,
        SWM_S_COLOR_FOCUS,
        SWM_S_COLOR_UNFOCUS,
@@ -535,6 +552,7 @@ struct swm_screen {
        struct swm_region_list  orl;    /* list of old regions */
        xcb_window_t            root;
        struct workspace        ws[SWM_WS_MAX];
+       struct swm_region       *r_focus;
 
        /* colors */
        struct {
@@ -553,6 +571,7 @@ union arg {
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_FOCUSNEXT   (0)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_FOCUSPREV   (1)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_FOCUSMAIN   (2)
+#define SWM_ARG_ID_FOCUSURGENT (3)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_SWAPNEXT    (10)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_SWAPPREV    (11)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_SWAPMAIN    (12)
@@ -566,10 +585,12 @@ union arg {
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_STACKINIT   (31)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_UP  (40)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_DOWN        (41)
-#define SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLESC_UP  (42)
-#define SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLESC_DOWN        (43)
+#define SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLERG_UP  (42)
+#define SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLERG_DOWN        (43)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_UP_ALL      (44)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_DOWN_ALL    (45)
+#define SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_MOVE_UP     (46)
+#define SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_MOVE_DOWN   (47)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_STACKINC    (50)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_STACKDEC    (51)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_SS_ALL      (60)
@@ -594,8 +615,12 @@ union arg {
 /* quirks */
 struct quirk {
        TAILQ_ENTRY(quirk)      entry;
-       char                    *class;
-       char                    *name;
+       char                    *class;         /* WM_CLASS:class */
+       char                    *instance;      /* WM_CLASS:instance */
+       char                    *name;          /* WM_NAME */
+       regex_t                 regex_class;
+       regex_t                 regex_instance;
+       regex_t                 regex_name;
        unsigned long           quirk;
 #define SWM_Q_FLOAT            (1<<0)  /* float this window */
 #define SWM_Q_TRANSSZ          (1<<1)  /* transiend window size too small */
@@ -603,6 +628,8 @@ struct quirk {
 #define SWM_Q_XTERM_FONTADJ    (1<<3)  /* adjust xterm fonts when resizing */
 #define SWM_Q_FULLSCREEN       (1<<4)  /* remove border */
 #define SWM_Q_FOCUSPREV                (1<<5)  /* focus on caller */
+#define SWM_Q_NOFOCUSONMAP     (1<<6)  /* Don't focus on window when mapped. */
+#define SWM_Q_FOCUSONMAP_SINGLE        (1<<7)  /* Only focus if single win of type. */
 };
 TAILQ_HEAD(quirk_list, quirk);
 struct quirk_list              quirks = TAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(quirks);
@@ -645,33 +672,33 @@ struct ewmh_hint {
        char            *name;
        xcb_atom_t      atom;
 } ewmh[SWM_EWMH_HINT_MAX] =    {
-    /* must be in same order as in the enum */
-    {"_NET_ACTIVE_WINDOW", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
-    {"_NET_CLOSE_WINDOW", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
-    {"_NET_MOVERESIZE_WINDOW", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
-    {"_NET_WM_ACTION_ABOVE", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
-    {"_NET_WM_ACTION_CLOSE", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
-    {"_NET_WM_ACTION_FULLSCREEN", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
-    {"_NET_WM_ACTION_MOVE", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
-    {"_NET_WM_ACTION_RESIZE", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
-    {"_NET_WM_ALLOWED_ACTIONS", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
-    {"_NET_WM_NAME", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
-    {"_NET_WM_STATE", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
-    {"_NET_WM_STATE_ABOVE", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
-    {"_NET_WM_STATE_FULLSCREEN", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
-    {"_NET_WM_STATE_HIDDEN", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
-    {"_NET_WM_STATE_MAXIMIZED_HORZ", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
-    {"_NET_WM_STATE_MAXIMIZED_VERT", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
-    {"_NET_WM_STATE_SKIP_PAGER", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
-    {"_NET_WM_STATE_SKIP_TASKBAR", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
-    {"_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
-    {"_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DIALOG", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
-    {"_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
-    {"_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_NORMAL", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
-    {"_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_SPLASH", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
-    {"_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_TOOLBAR", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
-    {"_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_UTILITY", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
-    {"_SWM_WM_STATE_MANUAL", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
+       /* must be in same order as in the enum */
+       {"_NET_ACTIVE_WINDOW", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
+       {"_NET_CLOSE_WINDOW", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
+       {"_NET_MOVERESIZE_WINDOW", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
+       {"_NET_WM_ACTION_ABOVE", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
+       {"_NET_WM_ACTION_CLOSE", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
+       {"_NET_WM_ACTION_FULLSCREEN", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
+       {"_NET_WM_ACTION_MOVE", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
+       {"_NET_WM_ACTION_RESIZE", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
+       {"_NET_WM_ALLOWED_ACTIONS", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
+       {"_NET_WM_NAME", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
+       {"_NET_WM_STATE", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
+       {"_NET_WM_STATE_ABOVE", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
+       {"_NET_WM_STATE_FULLSCREEN", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
+       {"_NET_WM_STATE_HIDDEN", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
+       {"_NET_WM_STATE_MAXIMIZED_HORZ", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
+       {"_NET_WM_STATE_MAXIMIZED_VERT", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
+       {"_NET_WM_STATE_SKIP_PAGER", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
+       {"_NET_WM_STATE_SKIP_TASKBAR", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
+       {"_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
+       {"_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DIALOG", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
+       {"_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_DOCK", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
+       {"_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_NORMAL", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
+       {"_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_SPLASH", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
+       {"_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_TOOLBAR", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
+       {"_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE_UTILITY", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
+       {"_SWM_WM_STATE_MANUAL", XCB_ATOM_NONE},
 };
 
 /* Cursors */
@@ -700,12 +727,15 @@ struct cursors {
        {"top_right_corner", XC_top_right_corner, XCB_CURSOR_NONE},
 };
 
+#define        SWM_SPAWN_OPTIONAL              0x1
+
 /* spawn */
 struct spawn_prog {
        TAILQ_ENTRY(spawn_prog) entry;
        char                    *name;
        int                     argc;
        char                    **argv;
+       int                     flags;
 };
 TAILQ_HEAD(spawn_list, spawn_prog);
 struct spawn_list              spawns = TAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(spawns);
@@ -721,6 +751,7 @@ enum keyfuncid {
        KF_FOCUS_MAIN,
        KF_FOCUS_NEXT,
        KF_FOCUS_PREV,
+       KF_FOCUS_URGENT,
        KF_HEIGHT_GROW,
        KF_HEIGHT_SHRINK,
        KF_ICONIFY,
@@ -732,6 +763,15 @@ enum keyfuncid {
        KF_MOVE_LEFT,
        KF_MOVE_RIGHT,
        KF_MOVE_UP,
+       KF_MVRG_1,
+       KF_MVRG_2,
+       KF_MVRG_3,
+       KF_MVRG_4,
+       KF_MVRG_5,
+       KF_MVRG_6,
+       KF_MVRG_7,
+       KF_MVRG_8,
+       KF_MVRG_9,
        KF_MVWS_1,
        KF_MVWS_2,
        KF_MVWS_3,
@@ -758,6 +798,17 @@ enum keyfuncid {
        KF_QUIT,
        KF_RAISE_TOGGLE,
        KF_RESTART,
+       KF_RG_1,
+       KF_RG_2,
+       KF_RG_3,
+       KF_RG_4,
+       KF_RG_5,
+       KF_RG_6,
+       KF_RG_7,
+       KF_RG_8,
+       KF_RG_9,
+       KF_RG_NEXT,
+       KF_RG_PREV,
        KF_SCREEN_NEXT,
        KF_SCREEN_PREV,
        KF_SEARCH_WIN,
@@ -799,232 +850,247 @@ enum keyfuncid {
        KF_WS_22,
        KF_WS_NEXT,
        KF_WS_NEXT_ALL,
+       KF_WS_NEXT_MOVE,
        KF_WS_PREV,
        KF_WS_PREV_ALL,
+       KF_WS_PREV_MOVE,
        KF_WS_PRIOR,
        KF_DUMPWINS, /* MUST BE LAST */
        KF_INVALID
 };
 
 struct key {
-        RB_ENTRY(key)           entry;
-        unsigned int            mod;
-        KeySym                  keysym;
-        enum keyfuncid          funcid;
-        char                    *spawn_name;
+       RB_ENTRY(key)   entry;
+       unsigned int    mod;
+       KeySym          keysym;
+       enum keyfuncid  funcid;
+       char            *spawn_name;
 };
 RB_HEAD(key_tree, key);
 
 /* function prototypes */
-void    adjust_font(struct ws_win *);
-void    bar_class_name(char *, size_t, struct swm_region *);
-void    bar_class_title_name(char *, size_t, struct swm_region *);
-void    bar_cleanup(struct swm_region *);
-void    bar_extra_setup(void);
-void    bar_extra_stop(void);
-void    bar_extra_update(void);
-void    bar_fmt(const char *, char *, struct swm_region *, size_t);
-void    bar_fmt_expand(char *, size_t);
-void    bar_draw(void);
-void    bar_print(struct swm_region *, const char *);
-void    bar_print_legacy(struct swm_region *, const char *);
-void    bar_replace(char *, char *, struct swm_region *, size_t);
-void    bar_replace_pad(char *, int *, size_t);
-char *  bar_replace_seq(char *, char *, struct swm_region *, size_t *,
-            size_t);
-void    bar_setup(struct swm_region *);
-void    bar_title_name(char *, size_t, struct swm_region *);
-void    bar_toggle(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
-void    bar_urgent(char *, size_t);
-void    bar_window_float(char *, size_t, struct swm_region *);
-void    bar_window_name(char *, size_t, struct swm_region *);
-void    bar_workspace_name(char *, size_t, struct swm_region *);
-void    buttonpress(xcb_button_press_event_t *);
-void    check_conn(void);
-void    clear_keys(void);
-void    clientmessage(xcb_client_message_event_t *);
-void    client_msg(struct ws_win *, xcb_atom_t, xcb_timestamp_t);
-int     conf_load(const char *, int);
-void    configurenotify(xcb_configure_notify_event_t *);
-void    configurerequest(xcb_configure_request_event_t *);
-void    config_win(struct ws_win *, xcb_configure_request_event_t *);
-void    constrain_window(struct ws_win *, struct swm_region *, int);
-int     count_win(struct workspace *, int);
-void    cursors_cleanup(void);
-void    cursors_load(void);
-void    custom_region(char *);
-void    cyclescr(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
-void    cyclews(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
-void    cycle_layout(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
-void    destroynotify(xcb_destroy_notify_event_t *);
-void    dumpwins(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
-int     enable_wm(void);
-void    enternotify(xcb_enter_notify_event_t *);
-void    event_drain(uint8_t);
-void    event_error(xcb_generic_error_t *);
-void    event_handle(xcb_generic_event_t *);
-void    ewmh_autoquirk(struct ws_win *);
-void    ewmh_get_win_state(struct ws_win *);
-int     ewmh_set_win_fullscreen(struct ws_win *, int);
-void    ewmh_update_actions(struct ws_win *);
-void    ewmh_update_win_state(struct ws_win *, xcb_atom_t, long);
+void   adjust_font(struct ws_win *);
+char   *argsep(char **);
+void   bar_cleanup(struct swm_region *);
+void   bar_extra_setup(void);
+void   bar_extra_stop(void);
+int    bar_extra_update(void);
+void   bar_fmt(const char *, char *, struct swm_region *, size_t);
+void   bar_fmt_expand(char *, size_t);
+void   bar_draw(void);
+void   bar_print(struct swm_region *, const char *);
+void   bar_print_legacy(struct swm_region *, const char *);
+void   bar_replace(char *, char *, struct swm_region *, size_t);
+void   bar_replace_pad(char *, int *, size_t);
+char   *bar_replace_seq(char *, char *, struct swm_region *, size_t *, size_t);
+void   bar_setup(struct swm_region *);
+void   bar_toggle(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void   bar_urgent(char *, size_t);
+void   bar_window_class(char *, size_t, struct swm_region *);
+void   bar_window_class_instance(char *, size_t, struct swm_region *);
+void   bar_window_float(char *, size_t, struct swm_region *);
+void   bar_window_instance(char *, size_t, struct swm_region *);
+void   bar_window_name(char *, size_t, struct swm_region *);
+void   bar_workspace_name(char *, size_t, struct swm_region *);
+void   buttonpress(xcb_button_press_event_t *);
+void   check_conn(void);
+void   clear_keys(void);
+void   clientmessage(xcb_client_message_event_t *);
+void   client_msg(struct ws_win *, xcb_atom_t, xcb_timestamp_t);
+int    conf_load(const char *, int);
+void   configurenotify(xcb_configure_notify_event_t *);
+void   configurerequest(xcb_configure_request_event_t *);
+void   config_win(struct ws_win *, xcb_configure_request_event_t *);
+void   constrain_window(struct ws_win *, struct swm_geometry *, int *);
+int    count_win(struct workspace *, int);
+void   cursors_cleanup(void);
+void   cursors_load(void);
+void   custom_region(const char *);
+void   cyclerg(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void   cyclews(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void   cycle_layout(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void   destroynotify(xcb_destroy_notify_event_t *);
+void   dumpwins(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+int    enable_wm(void);
+void   enternotify(xcb_enter_notify_event_t *);
+void   event_drain(uint8_t);
+void   event_error(xcb_generic_error_t *);
+void   event_handle(xcb_generic_event_t *);
+void   ewmh_autoquirk(struct ws_win *);
+void   ewmh_get_win_state(struct ws_win *);
+int    ewmh_set_win_fullscreen(struct ws_win *, int);
+void   ewmh_update_actions(struct ws_win *);
+void   ewmh_update_win_state(struct ws_win *, xcb_atom_t, long);
 char   *expand_tilde(const char *);
-void    expose(xcb_expose_event_t *);
-void    fake_keypress(struct ws_win *, xcb_keysym_t, uint16_t);
+void   expose(xcb_expose_event_t *);
+void   fake_keypress(struct ws_win *, xcb_keysym_t, uint16_t);
+void   floating_toggle(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+int    floating_toggle_win(struct ws_win *);
+void   focus(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void   focus_flush(void);
+void   focus_region(struct swm_region *);
+void   focusrg(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void   focus_win(struct ws_win *);
+void   fontset_init(void);
+void   free_window(struct ws_win *);
+void   search_do_resp(void);
+void   search_resp_name_workspace(const char *, size_t);
+void   search_resp_search_window(const char *);
+void   search_resp_search_workspace(const char *);
+void   search_resp_uniconify(const char *, size_t);
+void   search_win(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void   search_win_cleanup(void);
+void   search_workspace(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void   send_to_rg(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void   send_to_ws(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void   set_region(struct swm_region *);
+int    setautorun(const char *, const char *, int);
+int    setconfbinding(const char *, const char *, int);
+int    setconfcolor(const char *, const char *, int);
+int    setconfmodkey(const char *, const char *, int);
+int    setconfquirk(const char *, const char *, int);
+int    setconfregion(const char *, const char *, int);
+int    setconfspawn(const char *, const char *, int);
+int    setconfvalue(const char *, const char *, int);
+void   setkeybinding(unsigned int, KeySym, enum keyfuncid, const char *);
+int    setkeymapping(const char *, const char *, int);
+int    setlayout(const char *, const char *, int);
+void   setquirk(const char *, const char *, const char *,unsigned long);
+void   setscreencolor(const char *, int, int);
+void   setspawn(const char *, const char *, int);
+void   setup_ewmh(void);
+void   setup_globals(void);
+void   setup_keys(void);
+void   setup_quirks(void);
+void   setup_screens(void);
+void   setup_spawn(void);
+void   set_child_transient(struct ws_win *, xcb_window_t *);
+void   set_swm_iconic(struct ws_win *, int);
+void   set_win_state(struct ws_win *, uint16_t);
+void   shutdown_cleanup(void);
+void   sighdlr(int);
+void   socket_setnonblock(int);
+void   sort_windows(struct ws_win_list *);
+void   spawn(int, union arg *, int);
+void   spawn_custom(struct swm_region *, union arg *, const char *);
+int    spawn_expand(struct swm_region *, union arg *, const char *, char ***);
+void   spawn_insert(const char *, const char *, int);
+int32_t        get_swm_iconic(struct ws_win *);
+char   *get_win_name(xcb_window_t);
+void   get_wm_protocols(struct ws_win *);
+int    get_ws_idx(xcb_window_t);
+void   grabbuttons(struct ws_win *);
+void   grabkeys(void);
+void   grab_windows(void);
+void   iconify(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+int    isxlfd(char *);
+void   keypress(xcb_key_press_event_t *);
+int    key_cmp(struct key *, struct key *);
+void   key_insert(unsigned int, KeySym, enum keyfuncid, const char *);
+void   key_remove(struct key *);
+void   key_replace(struct key *, unsigned int, KeySym, enum keyfuncid,
+           const char *);
+void   kill_bar_extra_atexit(void);
+void   kill_refs(struct ws_win *);
+void   load_float_geom(struct ws_win *);
+void   map_window(struct ws_win *, xcb_window_t);
+void   mapnotify(xcb_map_notify_event_t *);
+void   mappingnotify(xcb_mapping_notify_event_t *);
+void   maprequest(xcb_map_request_event_t *);
+void   motionnotify(xcb_motion_notify_event_t *);
+void   move(struct ws_win *, union arg *);
+void   move_step(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+uint32_t name_to_pixel(int, const char *);
+void   name_workspace(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void   new_region(struct swm_screen *, int, int, int, int);
+int    parsekeys(const char *, unsigned int, unsigned int *, KeySym *);
+int    parsequirks(const char *, unsigned long *);
+int    parse_rgb(const char *, uint16_t *, uint16_t *, uint16_t *);
+void   pressbutton(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void   priorws(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void   propertynotify(xcb_property_notify_event_t *);
+void   quirk_free(struct quirk *);
+void   quirk_insert(const char *, const char *, const char *,unsigned long);
+void   quirk_remove(struct quirk *);
+void   quirk_replace(struct quirk *, const char *, const char *, const char *,
+           unsigned long);
+void   quit(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void   raise_toggle(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void   region_containment(struct ws_win *, struct swm_region *, int);
+void   regionize(struct ws_win *, int, int);
+void   resize(struct ws_win *, union arg *);
+void   resize_step(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void   restart(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void   screenchange(xcb_randr_screen_change_notify_event_t *);
+void   scan_xrandr(int);
+void   spawn_remove(struct spawn_prog *);
+void   spawn_replace(struct spawn_prog *, const char *, const char *, int);
+void   spawn_select(struct swm_region *, union arg *, const char *, int *);
+void   stack_config(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void   stack_floater(struct ws_win *, struct swm_region *);
+void   stack_master(struct workspace *, struct swm_geometry *, int, int);
+void   store_float_geom(struct ws_win *);
+char   *strdupsafe(const char *);
+void   swapwin(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void   switchws(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void   teardown_ewmh(void);
+void   unescape_selector(char *);
+void   unfocus_win(struct ws_win *);
+void   uniconify(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void   unmanage_window(struct ws_win *);
+void   unmapnotify(xcb_unmap_notify_event_t *);
+void   unmap_all(void);
+void   unmap_window(struct ws_win *);
+void   updatenumlockmask(void);
+void   update_modkey(unsigned int);
+void   update_window(struct ws_win *);
+void   validate_spawns(void);
+int    validate_win(struct ws_win *);
+int    validate_ws(struct workspace *);
+void   version(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void   win_to_ws(struct ws_win *, int, int);
+pid_t  window_get_pid(xcb_window_t);
+void   wkill(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void   workaround(void);
+void   xft_init(struct swm_region *);
+void   _add_startup_exception(const char *, va_list);
+void   add_startup_exception(const char *, ...);
+#ifdef SWM_DEBUG
+void   focusin(xcb_focus_in_event_t *);
+void   focusout(xcb_focus_out_event_t *);
+void   leavenotify(xcb_leave_notify_event_t *);
+void   print_win_geom(xcb_window_t);
+#endif
+
 struct pid_e   *find_pid(pid_t);
 struct ws_win  *find_unmanaged_window(xcb_window_t);
 struct ws_win  *find_window(xcb_window_t);
-void    floating_toggle(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
-int     floating_toggle_win(struct ws_win *);
-void    focus(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
-#ifdef SWM_DEBUG
-void    focusin(xcb_focus_in_event_t *);
-void    focusout(xcb_focus_out_event_t *);
-#endif
-void    focus_flush(void);
-void    focus_win(struct ws_win *);
-void    fontset_init(void);
-void    free_window(struct ws_win *);
-xcb_atom_t get_atom_from_string(const char *);
-#ifdef SWM_DEBUG
-char   *get_atom_name(xcb_atom_t);
-#endif
-struct ws_win   *get_focus_magic(struct ws_win *);
-struct ws_win   *get_focus_prev(struct ws_win *);
-#ifdef SWM_DEBUG
-char   *get_notify_detail_label(uint8_t);
-char   *get_notify_mode_label(uint8_t);
-#endif
+struct ws_win  *get_focus_magic(struct ws_win *);
+struct ws_win  *get_focus_prev(struct ws_win *);
 struct ws_win  *get_pointer_win(xcb_window_t);
 struct ws_win  *get_region_focus(struct swm_region *);
+struct ws_win  *manage_window(xcb_window_t, uint16_t);
+int            get_region_index(struct swm_region *);
+xcb_atom_t     get_atom_from_string(const char *);
 xcb_screen_t   *get_screen(int);
-#ifdef SWM_DEBUG
-char   *get_stack_mode_name(uint8_t);
-#endif
-int32_t         get_swm_iconic(struct ws_win *);
-char   *get_win_name(xcb_window_t);
-int     get_ws_idx(xcb_window_t);
-uint32_t getstate(xcb_window_t);
-void    grabbuttons(struct ws_win *);
-void    grabkeys(void);
-void    grab_windows(void);
-void    iconify(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
-int     isxlfd(char *);
-void    keypress(xcb_key_press_event_t *);
-int     key_cmp(struct key *, struct key *);
-void    key_insert(unsigned int, KeySym, enum keyfuncid, const char *);
+xcb_window_t   get_sibling(struct ws_win *, int);
+int            get_screen_count(void);
+uint32_t       getstate(xcb_window_t);
 struct key     *key_lookup(unsigned int, KeySym);
-void    key_remove(struct key *);
-void    key_replace(struct key *, unsigned int, KeySym, enum keyfuncid,
-            const char *);
-void    kill_refs(struct ws_win *);
 #ifdef SWM_DEBUG
-void    leavenotify(xcb_leave_notify_event_t *);
+char           *get_atom_name(xcb_atom_t);
+char           *get_notify_detail_label(uint8_t);
+char           *get_notify_mode_label(uint8_t);
+char           *get_stack_mode_name(uint8_t);
 #endif
-void    load_float_geom(struct ws_win *, struct swm_region *);
-struct ws_win  *manage_window(xcb_window_t, uint16_t);
-void    map_window(struct ws_win *);
-void    mapnotify(xcb_map_notify_event_t *);
-void    mappingnotify(xcb_mapping_notify_event_t *);
-void    maprequest(xcb_map_request_event_t *);
-void    move(struct ws_win *, union arg *);
-void    move_step(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
-uint32_t name_to_pixel(const char *);
-void    name_workspace(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
-void    new_region(struct swm_screen *, int, int, int, int);
-int     parsekeys(char *, unsigned int, unsigned int *, KeySym *);
-int     parsequirks(char *, unsigned long *);
-int     parse_rgb(const char *, uint16_t *, uint16_t *, uint16_t *);
-void    pressbutton(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
-void    priorws(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
-#ifdef SWM_DEBUG
-void    print_win_geom(xcb_window_t);
-#endif
-void    propertynotify(xcb_property_notify_event_t *);
-void    quirk_insert(const char *, const char *, unsigned long);
-void    quirk_remove(struct quirk *);
-void    quirk_replace(struct quirk *, const char *, const char *,
-            unsigned long);
-void    quit(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
-void    raise_toggle(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
-void    resize(struct ws_win *, union arg *);
-void    resize_step(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
-void    restart(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+
+struct swm_region      *region_under(struct swm_screen *, int, int);
 struct swm_region      *root_to_region(xcb_window_t, int);
-void    screenchange(xcb_randr_screen_change_notify_event_t *);
-void    scan_xrandr(int);
-void    search_do_resp(void);
-void    search_resp_name_workspace(const char *, unsigned long);
-void    search_resp_search_window(const char *);
-void    search_resp_search_workspace(const char *);
-void    search_resp_uniconify(const char *, unsigned long);
-void    search_win(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
-void    search_win_cleanup(void);
-void    search_workspace(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
-void    send_to_ws(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
-int     setautorun(char *, char *, int);
-int     setconfbinding(char *, char *, int);
-int     setconfcolor(char *, char *, int);
-int     setconfmodkey(char *, char *, int);
-int     setconfquirk(char *, char *, int);
-int     setconfregion(char *, char *, int);
-int     setconfspawn(char *, char *, int);
-int     setconfvalue(char *, char *, int);
-void    setkeybinding(unsigned int, KeySym, enum keyfuncid, const char *);
-int     setkeymapping(char *, char *, int);
-int     setlayout(char *, char *, int);
-void    setquirk(const char *, const char *, unsigned long);
-void    setscreencolor(char *, int, int);
-void    setspawn(const char *, const char *);
-void    setup_ewmh(void);
-void    setup_globals(void);
-void    setup_keys(void);
-void    setup_quirks(void);
-void    setup_screens(void);
-void    setup_spawn(void);
-void    set_child_transient(struct ws_win *, xcb_window_t *);
-void    set_swm_iconic(struct ws_win *, int);
-void    set_win_state(struct ws_win *, uint16_t);
-void    shutdown_cleanup(void);
-void    sighdlr(int);
-void    socket_setnonblock(int);
-void    sort_windows(struct ws_win_list *);
-void    spawn(int, union arg *, int);
-void    spawn_custom(struct swm_region *, union arg *, const char *);
-int     spawn_expand(struct swm_region *, union arg *, const char *, char ***);
-void    spawn_insert(const char *, const char *);
-void    spawn_remove(struct spawn_prog *);
-void    spawn_replace(struct spawn_prog *, const char *, const char *);
-void    spawn_select(struct swm_region *, union arg *, const char *, int *);
-void    stack_config(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
-void    stack_floater(struct ws_win *, struct swm_region *);
-void    stack_master(struct workspace *, struct swm_geometry *, int, int);
-void    store_float_geom(struct ws_win *, struct swm_region *);
-char *  strdupsafe(const char *);
-void    swapwin(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
-void    switchws(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
-void    teardown_ewmh(void);
-void    unfocus_win(struct ws_win *);
-void    uniconify(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
-void    unmanage_window(struct ws_win *);
-void    unmapnotify(xcb_unmap_notify_event_t *);
-void    unmap_all(void);
-void    unmap_window(struct ws_win *);
-void    updatenumlockmask(void);
-void    update_modkey(unsigned int);
-void    update_window(struct ws_win *);
-int     validate_win(struct ws_win *);
-int     validate_ws(struct workspace *);
-/*void  visibilitynotify(xcb_visibility_notify_event_t *);*/
-void    version(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
-pid_t   window_get_pid(xcb_window_t);
-void    wkill(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
-void    workaround(void);
-void    xft_init(struct swm_region *);
+struct spawn_prog      *spawn_find(const char *);
 
 RB_PROTOTYPE(key_tree, key, entry, key_cmp);
 RB_GENERATE(key_tree, key, entry, key_cmp);
-struct key_tree                 keys;
+struct key_tree                keys;
 
 void
 cursors_load(void)
@@ -1068,11 +1134,11 @@ cursors_cleanup(void)
 char *
 expand_tilde(const char *s)
 {
-       struct passwd           *ppwd;
-       int                     i;
+       struct passwd           *ppwd;
+       int                     i;
        long                    max;
-       char                    *user;
-       const char              *sc = s;
+       char                    *user;
+       const char              *sc = s;
        char                    *result;
 
        if (s == NULL)
@@ -1145,6 +1211,40 @@ get_screen(int screen)
        return (NULL);
 }
 
+int
+get_screen_count(void)
+{
+       const xcb_setup_t       *r;
+
+       if ((r = xcb_get_setup(conn)) == NULL) {
+               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "get_screen_count: xcb_get_setup\n");
+               check_conn();
+       }
+
+       return xcb_setup_roots_length(r);
+}
+
+int
+get_region_index(struct swm_region *r)
+{
+       struct swm_region       *rr;
+       int                      ridx = 0;
+
+       if (r == NULL)
+               return -1;
+
+       TAILQ_FOREACH(rr, &r->s->rl, entry) {
+               if (rr == r)
+                       break;
+               ++ridx;
+       }
+
+       if (rr == NULL)
+               return -1;
+
+       return ridx;
+}
+
 void
 focus_flush(void)
 {
@@ -1173,6 +1273,24 @@ get_atom_from_string(const char *str)
        return (XCB_ATOM_NONE);
 }
 
+void
+get_wm_protocols(struct ws_win *win) {
+       int                             i;
+       xcb_icccm_get_wm_protocols_reply_t      wpr;
+
+       if (xcb_icccm_get_wm_protocols_reply(conn,
+           xcb_icccm_get_wm_protocols(conn, win->id, a_prot),
+           &wpr, NULL)) {
+               for (i = 0; i < (int)wpr.atoms_len; i++) {
+                       if (wpr.atoms[i] == a_takefocus)
+                               win->take_focus = 1;
+                       if (wpr.atoms[i] == a_delete)
+                               win->can_delete = 1;
+               }
+               xcb_icccm_get_wm_protocols_reply_wipe(&wpr);
+       }
+}
+
 void
 set_swm_iconic(struct ws_win *win, int newv)
 {
@@ -1196,7 +1314,7 @@ get_swm_iconic(struct ws_win *win)
        pr = xcb_get_property_reply(conn,
            xcb_get_property(conn, 0, win->id, a_swm_iconic,
            XCB_ATOM_INTEGER, 0, 1), NULL);
-       if (!pr)
+       if (pr == NULL)
                goto out;
        if (pr->type != XCB_ATOM_INTEGER || pr->format != 32)
                goto out;
@@ -1218,7 +1336,7 @@ setup_ewmh(void)
        for (i = 0; i < LENGTH(ewmh); i++)
                ewmh[i].atom = get_atom_from_string(ewmh[i].name);
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
                /* Support check window will be created by workaround(). */
 
@@ -1242,14 +1360,14 @@ teardown_ewmh(void)
 
        sup_check = get_atom_from_string("_NET_SUPPORTING_WM_CHECK");
        sup_list = get_atom_from_string("_NET_SUPPORTED");
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
 
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
                /* Get the support check window and destroy it */
                pc = xcb_get_property(conn, 0, screens[i].root, sup_check,
                    XCB_ATOM_WINDOW, 0, 1);
                pr = xcb_get_property_reply(conn, pc, NULL);
-               if (!pr)
+               if (pr == NULL)
                        continue;
                if (pr->format == sup_check) {
                        id = *((xcb_window_t *)xcb_get_property_value(pr));
@@ -1273,7 +1391,7 @@ ewmh_autoquirk(struct ws_win *win)
        c = xcb_get_property(conn, 0, win->id,
            ewmh[_NET_WM_WINDOW_TYPE].atom, XCB_ATOM_ATOM, 0, UINT32_MAX);
        r = xcb_get_property_reply(conn, c, NULL);
-       if (!r)
+       if (r == NULL)
                return;
 
        n = xcb_get_property_value_length(r);
@@ -1310,7 +1428,7 @@ ewmh_autoquirk(struct ws_win *win)
 int
 ewmh_set_win_fullscreen(struct ws_win *win, int fs)
 {
-       if (!win->ws->r)
+       if (win->ws->r == NULL)
                return (0);
 
        if (!win->floating)
@@ -1321,12 +1439,12 @@ ewmh_set_win_fullscreen(struct ws_win *win, int fs)
 
        if (fs) {
                if (!win->g_floatvalid)
-                       store_float_geom(win, win->ws->r);
+                       store_float_geom(win);
 
                win->g = win->ws->r->g;
                win->bordered = 0;
        } else {
-               load_float_geom(win, win->ws->r);
+               load_float_geom(win);
        }
 
        return (1);
@@ -1353,9 +1471,9 @@ ewmh_update_actions(struct ws_win *win)
            ewmh[_NET_WM_ALLOWED_ACTIONS].atom, XCB_ATOM_ATOM, 32, 1, actions);
 }
 
-#define _NET_WM_STATE_REMOVE   0    /* remove/unset property */
-#define _NET_WM_STATE_ADD      1    /* add/set property */
-#define _NET_WM_STATE_TOGGLE   2    /* toggle property */
+#define _NET_WM_STATE_REMOVE   0       /* remove/unset property */
+#define _NET_WM_STATE_ADD      1       /* add/set property */
+#define _NET_WM_STATE_TOGGLE   2       /* toggle property */
 
 void
 ewmh_update_win_state(struct ws_win *win, xcb_atom_t state, long action)
@@ -1453,7 +1571,7 @@ ewmh_get_win_state(struct ws_win *win)
        c = xcb_get_property(conn, 0, win->id, ewmh[_NET_WM_STATE].atom,
            XCB_ATOM_ATOM, 0, UINT32_MAX);
        r = xcb_get_property_reply(conn, c, NULL);
-       if (!r)
+       if (r == NULL)
                return;
 
        states = xcb_get_property_value(r);
@@ -1591,7 +1709,7 @@ find_pid(pid_t pid)
 }
 
 uint32_t
-name_to_pixel(const char *colorname)
+name_to_pixel(int sidx, const char *colorname)
 {
        uint32_t                        result = 0;
        char                            cname[32] = "#";
@@ -1601,7 +1719,7 @@ name_to_pixel(const char *colorname)
        xcb_alloc_named_color_reply_t   *nr;
        uint16_t                        rr, gg, bb;
 
-       screen = xcb_setup_roots_iterator(xcb_get_setup(conn)).data;
+       screen = get_screen(sidx);
        cmap = screen->default_colormap;
 
        /* color is in format rgb://rr/gg/bb */
@@ -1622,7 +1740,7 @@ name_to_pixel(const char *colorname)
                nr = xcb_alloc_named_color_reply(conn,
                        xcb_alloc_named_color(conn, cmap, strlen(colorname),
                            colorname), NULL);
-               if (!nr) {
+               if (nr == NULL) {
                        strlcat(cname, colorname + 2, sizeof cname - 1);
                        nr = xcb_alloc_named_color_reply(conn,
                            xcb_alloc_named_color(conn, cmap, strlen(cname),
@@ -1639,19 +1757,19 @@ name_to_pixel(const char *colorname)
 }
 
 void
-setscreencolor(char *val, int i, int c)
+setscreencolor(const char *val, int i, int c)
 {
        int     num_screens;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        if (i > 0 && i <= num_screens) {
-               screens[i - 1].c[c].pixel = name_to_pixel(val);
+               screens[i - 1].c[c].pixel = name_to_pixel(i - 1, val);
                free(screens[i - 1].c[c].name);
                if ((screens[i - 1].c[c].name = strdup(val)) == NULL)
                        err(1, "strdup");
        } else if (i == -1) {
                for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
-                       screens[i].c[c].pixel = name_to_pixel(val);
+                       screens[i].c[c].pixel = name_to_pixel(0, val);
                        free(screens[i].c[c].name);
                        if ((screens[i].c[c].name = strdup(val)) == NULL)
                                err(1, "strdup");
@@ -1688,13 +1806,13 @@ plain_stacker(struct workspace *ws)
 }
 
 void
-custom_region(char *val)
+custom_region(const char *val)
 {
        unsigned int                    x, y, w, h;
        int                             sidx, num_screens;
        xcb_screen_t                    *screen;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        if (sscanf(val, "screen[%d]:%ux%u+%u+%u", &sidx, &w, &h, &x, &y) != 5)
                errx(1, "invalid custom region, "
                    "should be 'screen[<n>]:<n>x<n>+<n>+<n>");
@@ -1790,12 +1908,12 @@ bar_print_legacy(struct swm_region *r, const char *s)
 void
 bar_print(struct swm_region *r, const char *s)
 {
-       size_t                          len;
-       xcb_rectangle_t                 rect;
-       uint32_t                        gcv[1];
-       int32_t                         x = 0;
-       XGlyphInfo                      info;
-       XftDraw                         *draw;
+       size_t          len;
+       xcb_rectangle_t rect;
+       uint32_t        gcv[1];
+       int32_t         x = 0;
+       XGlyphInfo      info;
+       XftDraw         *draw;
 
        len = strlen(s);
 
@@ -1858,7 +1976,7 @@ bar_extra_stop(void)
 }
 
 void
-bar_class_name(char *s, size_t sz, struct swm_region *r)
+bar_window_class(char *s, size_t sz, struct swm_region *r)
 {
        if (r == NULL || r->ws == NULL || r->ws->focus == NULL)
                return;
@@ -1867,7 +1985,7 @@ bar_class_name(char *s, size_t sz, struct swm_region *r)
 }
 
 void
-bar_title_name(char *s, size_t sz, struct swm_region *r)
+bar_window_instance(char *s, size_t sz, struct swm_region *r)
 {
        if (r == NULL || r->ws == NULL || r->ws->focus == NULL)
                return;
@@ -1876,14 +1994,14 @@ bar_title_name(char *s, size_t sz, struct swm_region *r)
 }
 
 void
-bar_class_title_name(char *s, size_t sz, struct swm_region *r)
+bar_window_class_instance(char *s, size_t sz, struct swm_region *r)
 {
        if (r == NULL || r->ws == NULL || r->ws->focus == NULL)
                return;
 
-       bar_class_name(s, sz, r);
+       bar_window_class(s, sz, r);
        strlcat(s, ":", sz);
-       bar_title_name(s, sz, r);
+       bar_window_instance(s, sz, r);
 }
 
 void
@@ -1902,19 +2020,18 @@ bar_window_name(char *s, size_t sz, struct swm_region *r)
 
        if (r == NULL || r->ws == NULL || r->ws->focus == NULL)
                return;
-       if ((title = get_win_name(r->ws->focus->id)) == NULL)
-               return;
 
+       title = get_win_name(r->ws->focus->id);
        strlcat(s, title, sz);
        free(title);
 }
 
-int            urgent[SWM_WS_MAX];
 void
 bar_urgent(char *s, size_t sz)
 {
        struct ws_win           *win;
        int                     i, j, num_screens;
+       int                     urgent[SWM_WS_MAX];
        char                    b[8];
        xcb_get_property_cookie_t       c;
        xcb_icccm_wm_hints_t    hints;
@@ -1922,7 +2039,7 @@ bar_urgent(char *s, size_t sz)
        for (i = 0; i < workspace_limit; i++)
                urgent[i] = 0;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                for (j = 0; j < workspace_limit; j++)
                        TAILQ_FOREACH(win, &screens[i].ws[j].winlist, entry) {
@@ -1956,6 +2073,8 @@ bar_workspace_name(char *s, size_t sz, struct swm_region *r)
 void
 bar_fmt(const char *fmtexp, char *fmtnew, struct swm_region *r, size_t sz)
 {
+       struct ws_win           *w;
+
        /* if format provided, just copy the buffers */
        if (bar_format != NULL) {
                strlcpy(fmtnew, fmtexp, sz);
@@ -1973,6 +2092,15 @@ bar_fmt(const char *fmtexp, char *fmtnew, struct swm_region *r, size_t sz)
        /* only show the workspace name if there's actually one */
        if (r != NULL && r->ws != NULL && r->ws->name != NULL)
                strlcat(fmtnew, "<+D>", sz);
+
+       /* If enabled, only show the iconic count if there are iconic wins. */
+       if (iconic_enabled && r != NULL && r->ws != NULL)
+               TAILQ_FOREACH(w, &r->ws->winlist, entry)
+                       if (w->iconic) {
+                               strlcat(fmtnew, "{+M}", sz);
+                               break;
+                       }
+
        strlcat(fmtnew, "+3<", sz);
 
        if (clock_enabled) {
@@ -1984,16 +2112,16 @@ bar_fmt(const char *fmtexp, char *fmtnew, struct swm_region *r, size_t sz)
        if (urgent_enabled)
                strlcat(fmtnew, "* +U*+4<", sz);
 
-       if (title_class_enabled) {
+       if (window_class_enabled) {
                strlcat(fmtnew, "+C", sz);
-               if (!title_name_enabled)
+               if (!window_instance_enabled)
                        strlcat(fmtnew, "+4<", sz);
        }
 
        /* checks needed by the colon and floating strlcat(3) calls below */
        if (r != NULL && r->ws != NULL && r->ws->focus != NULL) {
-               if (title_name_enabled) {
-                       if (title_class_enabled)
+               if (window_instance_enabled) {
+                       if (window_class_enabled)
                                strlcat(fmtnew, ":", sz);
                        strlcat(fmtnew, "+T+4<", sz);
                }
@@ -2022,9 +2150,10 @@ char *
 bar_replace_seq(char *fmt, char *fmtrep, struct swm_region *r, size_t *offrep,
     size_t sz)
 {
+       struct ws_win           *w;
        char                    *ptr;
        char                    tmp[SWM_BAR_MAX];
-       int                     limit, size;
+       int                     limit, size, count;
        size_t                  len;
 
        /* reset strlcat(3) buffer */
@@ -2051,7 +2180,7 @@ bar_replace_seq(char *fmt, char *fmtrep, struct swm_region *r, size_t *offrep,
                snprintf(tmp, sizeof tmp, "%s", bar_ext);
                break;
        case 'C':
-               bar_class_name(tmp, sizeof tmp, r);
+               bar_window_class(tmp, sizeof tmp, r);
                break;
        case 'D':
                bar_workspace_name(tmp, sizeof tmp, r);
@@ -2062,17 +2191,25 @@ bar_replace_seq(char *fmt, char *fmtrep, struct swm_region *r, size_t *offrep,
        case 'I':
                snprintf(tmp, sizeof tmp, "%d", r->ws->idx + 1);
                break;
+       case 'M':
+               count = 0;
+               TAILQ_FOREACH(w, &r->ws->winlist, entry)
+                       if (w->iconic)
+                               ++count;
+
+               snprintf(tmp, sizeof tmp, "%d", count);
+               break;
        case 'N':
                snprintf(tmp, sizeof tmp, "%d", r->s->idx + 1);
                break;
        case 'P':
-               bar_class_title_name(tmp, sizeof tmp, r);
+               bar_window_class_instance(tmp, sizeof tmp, r);
                break;
        case 'S':
                snprintf(tmp, sizeof tmp, "%s", r->ws->stacker);
                break;
        case 'T':
-               bar_title_name(tmp, sizeof tmp, r);
+               bar_window_instance(tmp, sizeof tmp, r);
                break;
        case 'U':
                bar_urgent(tmp, sizeof tmp);
@@ -2172,7 +2309,7 @@ bar_draw(void)
        /* expand the format by first passing it through strftime(3) */
        bar_fmt_expand(fmtexp, sizeof fmtexp);
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
                TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].rl, entry) {
                        if (r->bar == NULL)
@@ -2185,8 +2322,15 @@ bar_draw(void)
                                continue;
                        }
 
-                       bar_fmt(fmtexp, fmtnew, r, sizeof fmtnew);
-                       bar_replace(fmtnew, fmtrep, r, sizeof fmtrep);
+                       if (startup_exception)
+                               snprintf(fmtrep, sizeof fmtrep, "total "
+                                   "exceptions: %d, first exception: %s",
+                                   nr_exceptions,
+                                   startup_exception);
+                       else {
+                               bar_fmt(fmtexp, fmtnew, r, sizeof fmtnew);
+                               bar_replace(fmtnew, fmtrep, r, sizeof fmtrep);
+                       }
                        if (bar_font_legacy)
                                bar_print_legacy(r, fmtrep);
                        else
@@ -2195,16 +2339,22 @@ bar_draw(void)
        }
 }
 
-/* Reads external script output; call when stdin is readable. */
-void
+/*
+ * Reads external script output; call when stdin is readable.
+ * Returns 1 if bar_ext was updated; otherwise 0.
+ */
+int
 bar_extra_update(void)
 {
        size_t          len;
        char            b[SWM_BAR_MAX];
-       int             redraw = 0;
+       int             changed = 0;
 
-       if (bar_enabled && bar_extra && bar_extra_running) {
-               while (fgets(b, sizeof(b), stdin) != NULL) {
+       if (!bar_extra)
+               return changed;
+
+       while (fgets(b, sizeof(b), stdin) != NULL) {
+               if (bar_enabled) {
                        len = strlen(b);
                        if (b[len - 1] == '\n') {
                                /* Remove newline. */
@@ -2220,38 +2370,21 @@ bar_extra_update(void)
                                /* Append new output to bar. */
                                strlcat(bar_ext, b, sizeof(bar_ext));
 
-                               redraw = 1;
+                               changed = 1;
                        } else {
                                /* Buffer output. */
                                strlcat(bar_ext_buf, b, sizeof(bar_ext_buf));
                        }
                }
-
-               if (errno != EAGAIN) {
-                       warn("bar_action failed");
-                       bar_extra_stop();
-               }
-       } else {
-               /*
-                * Attempt to drain stdin, so it doesn't cause the main loop to
-                * call us as fast as it can.
-                */
-               while (fgets(b, sizeof(b), stdin) != NULL);
-
-               if (!bar_enabled)
-                       return;
-
-               /* Clear bar script output if bar script is not running. */
-               if (bar_ext[0] != '\0') {
-                       bar_ext[0] = '\0';
-                       redraw = 1;
-               }
        }
 
-       if (redraw) {
-               bar_draw();
-               xcb_flush(conn);
+       if (errno != EAGAIN) {
+               warn("bar_action failed");
+               bar_extra_stop();
+               changed = 1;
        }
+
+       return changed;
 }
 
 void
@@ -2280,7 +2413,7 @@ bar_toggle(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
        }
 
        /* update bars as necessary */
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                TAILQ_FOREACH(tmpr, &screens[i].rl, entry)
                        if (tmpr->bar) {
@@ -2301,25 +2434,21 @@ bar_toggle(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
 void
 bar_extra_setup(void)
 {
-       struct swm_region       *r;
-       uint32_t                wa[2];
-       int                     i, num_screens;
-
        /* do this here because the conf file is in memory */
-       if (bar_extra && !bar_extra_running && bar_argv[0]) {
+       if (!bar_extra && bar_argv[0]) {
                /* launch external status app */
-               bar_extra_running = 1;
+               bar_extra = 1;
                if (pipe(bar_pipe) == -1)
                        err(1, "pipe error");
                socket_setnonblock(bar_pipe[0]);
                socket_setnonblock(bar_pipe[1]); /* XXX hmmm, really? */
 
                /* Set stdin to read from the pipe. */
-               if (dup2(bar_pipe[0], 0) == -1)
+               if (dup2(bar_pipe[0], STDIN_FILENO) == -1)
                        err(1, "dup2");
 
                /* Set stdout to write to the pipe. */
-               if (dup2(bar_pipe[1], 1) == -1)
+               if (dup2(bar_pipe[1], STDOUT_FILENO) == -1)
                        err(1, "dup2");
 
                if (signal(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN) == SIG_ERR)
@@ -2337,21 +2466,16 @@ bar_extra_setup(void)
                        close(bar_pipe[1]);
                        break;
                }
-       }
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
-       for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
-               TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].rl, entry) {
-                       if (r->bar == NULL)
-                               continue;
-                       wa[0] = screens[i].c[SWM_S_COLOR_BAR].pixel;
-                       wa[1] = screens[i].c[SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_BORDER].pixel;
-                       xcb_change_window_attributes(conn, r->bar->id,
-                           XCB_CW_BACK_PIXEL | XCB_CW_BORDER_PIXEL, wa);
-               }
+               atexit(kill_bar_extra_atexit);
+       }
+}
 
-       bar_draw();
-       xcb_flush(conn);
+void
+kill_bar_extra_atexit(void)
+{
+       if (bar_pid)
+               kill(bar_pid, SIGTERM);
 }
 
 int
@@ -2436,7 +2560,7 @@ xft_init(struct swm_region *r)
                                                font);
                        }
 
-                       if (!bar_font) {
+                       if (bar_font == NULL) {
                                warnx("unable to load font %s", font);
                                continue;
                        } else {
@@ -2491,10 +2615,12 @@ bar_setup(struct swm_region *r)
        WIDTH(r->bar) = WIDTH(r) - 2 * bar_border_width;
        HEIGHT(r->bar) = bar_height - 2 * bar_border_width;
 
+       /* Assume region is unfocused when we create the bar. */
        r->bar->id = xcb_generate_id(conn);
        wa[0] = r->s->c[SWM_S_COLOR_BAR].pixel;
-       wa[1] = r->s->c[SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_BORDER].pixel;
-       wa[2] = XCB_EVENT_MASK_EXPOSURE;
+       wa[1] = r->s->c[SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_BORDER_UNFOCUS].pixel;
+       wa[2] = XCB_EVENT_MASK_EXPOSURE | XCB_EVENT_MASK_POINTER_MOTION |
+           XCB_EVENT_MASK_POINTER_MOTION_HINT;
 
        xcb_create_window(conn, XCB_COPY_FROM_PARENT, r->bar->id, r->s->root,
            X(r->bar), Y(r->bar), WIDTH(r->bar), HEIGHT(r->bar),
@@ -2555,7 +2681,6 @@ getstate(xcb_window_t w)
 
        c = xcb_get_property(conn, 0, w, a_state, a_state, 0L, 2L);
        r = xcb_get_property_reply(conn, c, NULL);
-
        if (r) {
                if (r->type == a_state && r->format == 32 && r->length == 2)
                        result = *((uint32_t *)xcb_get_property_value(r));
@@ -2728,18 +2853,27 @@ quit(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
 }
 
 void
-map_window(struct ws_win *win)
+map_window(struct ws_win *win, xcb_window_t sibling)
 {
-       uint32_t        val = XCB_STACK_MODE_ABOVE;
+       uint16_t                mode = XCB_CONFIG_WINDOW_STACK_MODE;
+       uint32_t                val[2];
+       int                     i = 0;
+
+       /* If sibling is specified, stack right above it. */
+       if (sibling != XCB_WINDOW_NONE) {
+               mode |= XCB_CONFIG_WINDOW_SIBLING;
+               val[i++] = sibling;
+       }
+
+       val[i] = XCB_STACK_MODE_ABOVE;
 
        if (win == NULL)
                return;
 
-       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "map_window: win 0x%x, mapped: %s\n", win->id,
-           YESNO(win->mapped));
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "map_window: win 0x%x, mapped: %s, "
+           "sibling: 0x%x\n", win->id, YESNO(win->mapped), sibling);
 
-       xcb_configure_window(conn, win->id,
-           XCB_CONFIG_WINDOW_STACK_MODE, &val);
+       xcb_configure_window(conn, win->id, mode, val);
 
        if (win->mapped)
                return;
@@ -2772,7 +2906,7 @@ unmap_all(void)
        struct ws_win           *win;
        int                     i, j, num_screens;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                for (j = 0; j < workspace_limit; j++)
                        TAILQ_FOREACH(win, &screens[i].ws[j].winlist, entry)
@@ -2867,12 +3001,15 @@ root_to_region(xcb_window_t root, int check)
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "root_to_region: window: 0x%x\n", root);
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                if (screens[i].root == root)
                        break;
 
-       if (check & SWM_CK_FOCUS) {
+       if (check & SWM_CK_REGION)
+               r = screens[i].r_focus;
+
+       if (r == NULL && check & SWM_CK_FOCUS) {
                /* Try to find an actively focused window */
                gifr = xcb_get_input_focus_reply(conn,
                    xcb_get_input_focus(conn), NULL);
@@ -2889,7 +3026,6 @@ root_to_region(xcb_window_t root, int check)
                /* No region with an active focus; try to use pointer. */
                qpr = xcb_query_pointer_reply(conn, xcb_query_pointer(conn,
                    screens[i].root), NULL);
-
                if (qpr) {
                        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "root_to_region: pointer: "
                            "(%d,%d)\n", qpr->root_x, qpr->root_y);
@@ -2907,6 +3043,8 @@ root_to_region(xcb_window_t root, int check)
        if (r == NULL && check & SWM_CK_FALLBACK)
                r = TAILQ_FIRST(&screens[i].rl);
 
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "root_to_region: idx: %d\n", get_region_index(r));
+
        return (r);
 }
 
@@ -2916,7 +3054,7 @@ find_unmanaged_window(xcb_window_t id)
        struct ws_win           *win;
        int                     i, j, num_screens;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                for (j = 0; j < workspace_limit; j++)
                        TAILQ_FOREACH(win, &screens[i].ws[j].unmanagedlist,
@@ -2933,7 +3071,7 @@ find_window(xcb_window_t id)
        int                     i, j, num_screens;
        xcb_query_tree_reply_t  *r;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                for (j = 0; j < workspace_limit; j++)
                        TAILQ_FOREACH(win, &screens[i].ws[j].winlist, entry)
@@ -2941,7 +3079,7 @@ find_window(xcb_window_t id)
                                        return (win);
 
        r = xcb_query_tree_reply(conn, xcb_query_tree(conn, id), NULL);
-       if (!r)
+       if (r == NULL)
                return (NULL);
 
        /* if we were looking for the parent return that window instead */
@@ -3028,7 +3166,7 @@ kill_refs(struct ws_win *win)
        if (win == NULL)
                return;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].rl, entry)
                        for (x = 0; x < workspace_limit; x++) {
@@ -3051,7 +3189,7 @@ validate_win(struct ws_win *testwin)
        if (testwin == NULL)
                return (0);
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].rl, entry)
                        for (x = 0; x < workspace_limit; x++) {
@@ -3071,7 +3209,7 @@ validate_ws(struct workspace *testws)
        int                     i, x, num_screens;
 
        /* validate all ws */
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].rl, entry)
                        for (x = 0; x < workspace_limit; x++) {
@@ -3082,6 +3220,42 @@ validate_ws(struct workspace *testws)
        return (1);
 }
 
+xcb_window_t
+get_sibling(struct ws_win *win, int mode)
+{
+       struct ws_win           *w = win;
+
+       switch (mode) {
+       case SWM_STACK_TOP:
+               TAILQ_FOREACH_REVERSE(w, &w->ws->winlist, ws_win_list, entry)
+                       if (w != win && !w->floating && !w->iconic)
+                               break;
+               break;
+       case SWM_STACK_ABOVE:
+               do {
+                       w = TAILQ_NEXT(w, entry);
+               } while (w != NULL && (w == win || w->floating || w->iconic));
+               break;
+       case SWM_STACK_BELOW:
+               do {
+                       w = TAILQ_PREV(w, ws_win_list, entry);
+               } while (w != NULL && (w == win || w->floating || w->iconic));
+               break;
+       case SWM_STACK_BOTTOM:
+               TAILQ_FOREACH(w, &w->ws->winlist, entry)
+                       if (w != win && !w->floating && !w->iconic)
+                               break;
+               break;
+       default:
+               w = NULL;
+       }
+
+       if (w == NULL)
+               return (win->ws->r->id);
+       else
+               return (w->id);
+}
+
 void
 unfocus_win(struct ws_win *win)
 {
@@ -3113,6 +3287,8 @@ unfocus_win(struct ws_win *win)
        }
 
        if (win->ws->focus == win) {
+               if (tile_gap < 0 && !win->floating)
+                       map_window(win, get_sibling(win, SWM_STACK_BELOW));
                win->ws->focus = NULL;
                win->ws->focus_prev = win;
        }
@@ -3196,6 +3372,9 @@ focus_win(struct ws_win *win)
                     win->hints.input))
                        xcb_set_input_focus(conn, XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT,
                                        win->id, last_event_time);
+               else
+                       xcb_set_input_focus(conn, XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT,
+                           ws->r->id, XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
 
                /* Tell app it can adjust focus to a specific window. */
                if (win->take_focus) {
@@ -3214,25 +3393,34 @@ focus_win(struct ws_win *win)
                    ws->always_raise) {
                        /* If a parent exists, map it first. */
                        if (parent) {
-                               map_window(parent);
+                               map_window(parent, XCB_WINDOW_NONE);
 
                                /* Map siblings next. */
                                TAILQ_FOREACH(w, &ws->winlist, entry)
                                        if (w != win && !w->iconic &&
                                            w->transient == parent->id)
-                                               map_window(w);
+                                               map_window(w, XCB_WINDOW_NONE);
                        }
 
                        /* Map focused window. */
-                       map_window(win);
+                       map_window(win, XCB_WINDOW_NONE);
 
                        /* Finally, map children of focus window. */
                        TAILQ_FOREACH(w, &ws->winlist, entry)
                                if (w->transient == win->id && !w->iconic)
-                                       map_window(w);
-
+                                       map_window(w, XCB_WINDOW_NONE);
+               } else if (tile_gap < 0 && !win->floating) {
+                       /*
+                        * Windows overlap in the layout.
+                        * Raise focused win above all tiled wins.
+                        */
+                       if (tile_gap < 0 && !win->floating)
+                               map_window(win,
+                                   get_sibling(win, SWM_STACK_TOP));
                }
 
+               set_region(ws->r);
+
                xcb_change_property(conn, XCB_PROP_MODE_REPLACE, win->s->root,
                    ewmh[_NET_ACTIVE_WINDOW].atom, XCB_ATOM_WINDOW, 32, 1,
                    &win->id);
@@ -3293,13 +3481,68 @@ event_drain(uint8_t rt)
        }
 }
 
+void
+set_region(struct swm_region *r)
+{
+       struct swm_region       *rf;
+
+       if (r == NULL)
+               return;
+
+       rf = r->s->r_focus;
+       /* Unfocus old region bar. */
+       if (rf) {
+               if (rf == r)
+                       return;
+
+               xcb_change_window_attributes(conn, rf->bar->id,
+                   XCB_CW_BORDER_PIXEL,
+                   &r->s->c[SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_BORDER_UNFOCUS].pixel);
+       }
+
+       /* Set region bar border to focus_color. */
+       xcb_change_window_attributes(conn, r->bar->id,
+           XCB_CW_BORDER_PIXEL, &r->s->c[SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_BORDER].pixel);
+
+       r->s->r_focus = r;
+}
+
+void
+focus_region(struct swm_region *r)
+{
+       struct ws_win           *nfw;
+       struct swm_region       *old_r;
+
+       if (r == NULL)
+               return;
+
+       old_r = r->s->r_focus;
+       set_region(r);
+
+       nfw = get_region_focus(r);
+       if (nfw) {
+               focus_win(nfw);
+       } else {
+               /* New region is empty; need to manually unfocus win. */
+               if (old_r)
+                       unfocus_win(old_r->ws->focus);
+
+               xcb_set_input_focus(conn, XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT, r->id,
+                   XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
+
+               /* Clear bar since empty. */
+               bar_draw();
+       }
+}
+
 void
 switchws(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
 {
-       int                     wsid = args->id, unmap_old = 0;
        struct swm_region       *this_r, *other_r;
        struct ws_win           *win;
        struct workspace        *new_ws, *old_ws;
+       xcb_window_t            none = XCB_WINDOW_NONE;
+       int                     wsid = args->id, unmap_old = 0;
 
        if (!(r && r->s))
                return;
@@ -3319,7 +3562,14 @@ switchws(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
        if (new_ws == old_ws)
                return;
 
-       unfocus_win(old_ws->focus);
+       if ((win = old_ws->focus) != NULL) {
+               xcb_change_window_attributes(conn, win->id, XCB_CW_BORDER_PIXEL,
+                   &win->ws->r->s->c[SWM_S_COLOR_UNFOCUS].pixel);
+
+               xcb_change_property(conn, XCB_PROP_MODE_REPLACE, win->s->root,
+                   ewmh[_NET_ACTIVE_WINDOW].atom, XCB_ATOM_WINDOW, 32, 1,
+                   &none);
+       }
 
        other_r = new_ws->r;
        if (other_r == NULL) {
@@ -3336,9 +3586,13 @@ switchws(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
        this_r->ws = new_ws;
        new_ws->r = this_r;
 
-       /* Set focus_pending before stacking. */
-       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW)
+       /* Set focus_pending before stacking, if needed. */
+       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW && (!new_ws->focus_pending ||
+           validate_win(new_ws->focus_pending))) {
                new_ws->focus_pending = get_region_focus(new_ws->r);
+               new_ws->focus = new_ws->focus_prev;
+               new_ws->focus_prev = NULL;
+       }
 
        stack();
 
@@ -3351,17 +3605,16 @@ switchws(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
        if (old_ws->r && focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
                if (new_ws->focus_pending) {
                        focus_win(new_ws->focus_pending);
-               } else {
-                       /* Empty region, focus on root. */
-                       xcb_set_input_focus(conn, XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT,
-                           new_ws->r->s[new_ws->r->s->idx].root,
-                           XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
+                       new_ws->focus_pending = NULL;
                }
        }
 
-       /* Clear bar if new ws is empty. */
-       if (new_ws->focus_pending == NULL)
+       /* Clear bar and set focus on region input win if new ws is empty. */
+       if (new_ws->focus_pending == NULL && new_ws->focus == NULL) {
+               xcb_set_input_focus(conn, XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT, r->id,
+                   XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
                bar_draw();
+       }
 
        focus_flush();
 
@@ -3374,30 +3627,32 @@ cyclews(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
        union                   arg a;
        struct swm_screen       *s = r->s;
        int                     cycle_all = 0;
+       int                     move = 0;
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_WS, "cyclews: id: %d, screen[%d]:%dx%d+%d+%d, ws: %d\n",
            args->id, r->s->idx, WIDTH(r), HEIGHT(r), X(r), Y(r), r->ws->idx);
 
        a.id = r->ws->idx;
+
        do {
                switch (args->id) {
+               case SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_MOVE_UP:
+                       move = 1;
+                       /* FALLTHROUGH */
                case SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_UP_ALL:
                        cycle_all = 1;
                        /* FALLTHROUGH */
                case SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_UP:
-                       if (a.id < workspace_limit - 1)
-                               a.id++;
-                       else
-                               a.id = 0;
+                       a.id = (a.id < workspace_limit - 1) ? a.id + 1 : 0;
                        break;
+               case SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_MOVE_DOWN:
+                       move = 1;
+                       /* FALLTHROUGH */
                case SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_DOWN_ALL:
                        cycle_all = 1;
                        /* FALLTHROUGH */
                case SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_DOWN:
-                       if (a.id > 0)
-                               a.id--;
-                       else
-                               a.id = workspace_limit - 1;
+                       a.id = (a.id > 0) ? a.id - 1 : workspace_limit - 1;
                        break;
                default:
                        return;
@@ -3409,6 +3664,9 @@ cyclews(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
                if (!cycle_visible && s->ws[a.id].r != NULL)
                        continue;
 
+               if (move)
+                       send_to_ws(r, &a);
+
                switchws(r, &a);
        } while (a.id != r->ws->idx);
 }
@@ -3416,7 +3674,7 @@ cyclews(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
 void
 priorws(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
 {
-       union arg               a;
+       union arg       a;
 
        (void)args;
 
@@ -3431,25 +3689,48 @@ priorws(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
 }
 
 void
-cyclescr(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
+focusrg(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
+{
+       int                     ridx = args->id, i, num_screens;
+       struct swm_region       *rr = NULL;
+
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
+       /* do nothing if we don't have more than one screen */
+       if (!(num_screens > 1 || outputs > 1))
+               return;
+
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_FOCUS, "focusrg: id: %d\n", ridx);
+
+       rr = TAILQ_FIRST(&r->s->rl);
+       for (i = 0; i < ridx && rr != NULL; ++i)
+               rr = TAILQ_NEXT(rr, entry);
+
+       if (rr == NULL)
+               return;
+
+       focus_region(rr);
+       focus_flush();
+}
+
+void
+cyclerg(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
 {
-       struct ws_win           *nfw;
        struct swm_region       *rr = NULL;
        int                     i, num_screens;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        /* do nothing if we don't have more than one screen */
        if (!(num_screens > 1 || outputs > 1))
                return;
 
        i = r->s->idx;
        switch (args->id) {
-       case SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLESC_UP:
+       case SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLERG_UP:
                rr = TAILQ_NEXT(r, entry);
                if (rr == NULL)
                        rr = TAILQ_FIRST(&screens[i].rl);
                break;
-       case SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLESC_DOWN:
+       case SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLERG_DOWN:
                rr = TAILQ_PREV(r, swm_region_list, entry);
                if (rr == NULL)
                        rr = TAILQ_LAST(&screens[i].rl, swm_region_list);
@@ -3460,19 +3741,7 @@ cyclescr(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
        if (rr == NULL)
                return;
 
-       nfw = get_region_focus(rr);
-       if (nfw) {
-               focus_win(nfw);
-       } else {
-               /* New region is empty; unfocus old region and warp pointer. */
-               unfocus_win(r->ws->focus);
-               xcb_set_input_focus(conn, XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT,
-                               rr->s[i].root, XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
-
-               /* Clear bar since empty. */
-               bar_draw();
-       }
-
+       focus_region(rr);
        focus_flush();
 }
 
@@ -3719,86 +3988,107 @@ focus(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
        struct ws_win           *head, *cur_focus = NULL, *winfocus = NULL;
        struct ws_win_list      *wl = NULL;
        struct workspace        *ws = NULL;
-       int                     all_iconics;
+       union arg               a;
+       int                     i;
+       xcb_icccm_wm_hints_t    hints;
 
        if (!(r && r->ws))
-               return;
+               goto out;
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_FOCUS, "focus: id: %d\n", args->id);
 
-       if ((cur_focus = r->ws->focus) == NULL)
-               return;
+       cur_focus = r->ws->focus;
        ws = r->ws;
        wl = &ws->winlist;
-       if (TAILQ_EMPTY(wl))
-               return;
-       /* make sure there is at least one uniconified window */
-       all_iconics = 1;
-       TAILQ_FOREACH(winfocus, wl, entry)
-               if (!winfocus->iconic) {
-                       all_iconics = 0;
-                       break;
-               }
-       if (all_iconics)
-               return;
+
+       /* Make sure an uniconified window has focus, if one exists. */
+       if (cur_focus == NULL) {
+               cur_focus = TAILQ_FIRST(wl);
+               while (cur_focus != NULL && cur_focus->iconic)
+                       cur_focus = TAILQ_NEXT(cur_focus, entry);
+       }
 
        switch (args->id) {
        case SWM_ARG_ID_FOCUSPREV:
-               head = TAILQ_PREV(cur_focus, ws_win_list, entry);
-               if (head == NULL)
-                       head = TAILQ_LAST(wl, ws_win_list);
-               winfocus = head;
-               if (WINID(winfocus) == cur_focus->transient) {
-                       head = TAILQ_PREV(winfocus, ws_win_list, entry);
-                       if (head == NULL)
-                               head = TAILQ_LAST(wl, ws_win_list);
-                       winfocus = head;
-               }
+               if (cur_focus == NULL)
+                       goto out;
 
-               /* skip iconics */
-               if (winfocus && winfocus->iconic) {
-                       while (winfocus != cur_focus) {
-                               if (winfocus == NULL)
-                                       winfocus = TAILQ_LAST(wl, ws_win_list);
-                               if (!winfocus->iconic)
-                                       break;
-                               winfocus = TAILQ_PREV(winfocus, ws_win_list,
-                                   entry);
-                       }
-               }
+               winfocus = cur_focus;
+               do {
+                       winfocus = TAILQ_PREV(winfocus, ws_win_list, entry);
+                       if (winfocus == NULL)
+                               winfocus = TAILQ_LAST(wl, ws_win_list);
+                       if (winfocus == cur_focus)
+                               break;
+               } while (winfocus != NULL &&
+                   (winfocus->iconic || winfocus->id == cur_focus->transient));
                break;
-
        case SWM_ARG_ID_FOCUSNEXT:
-               head = TAILQ_NEXT(cur_focus, entry);
-               if (head == NULL)
-                       head = TAILQ_FIRST(wl);
-               winfocus = head;
-
-               /* skip iconics */
-               if (winfocus && winfocus->iconic) {
-                       while (winfocus != cur_focus) {
-                               if (winfocus == NULL)
-                                       winfocus = TAILQ_FIRST(wl);
-                               if (!winfocus->iconic)
-                                       break;
-                               winfocus = TAILQ_NEXT(winfocus, entry);
-                       }
-               }
-               break;
+               if (cur_focus == NULL)
+                       goto out;
 
+               winfocus = cur_focus;
+               do {
+                       winfocus = TAILQ_NEXT(winfocus, entry);
+                       if (winfocus == NULL)
+                               winfocus = TAILQ_FIRST(wl);
+                       if (winfocus == cur_focus)
+                               break;
+               } while (winfocus != NULL &&
+                   (winfocus->iconic || winfocus->id == cur_focus->transient));
+               break;
        case SWM_ARG_ID_FOCUSMAIN:
+               if (cur_focus == NULL)
+                       goto out;
+
                winfocus = TAILQ_FIRST(wl);
                if (winfocus == cur_focus)
                        winfocus = cur_focus->ws->focus_prev;
                break;
+       case SWM_ARG_ID_FOCUSURGENT:
+               /* Search forward for the next urgent window. */
+               winfocus = NULL;
+               head = cur_focus;
 
+               for (i = 0; i <= workspace_limit; ++i) {
+                       if (head == NULL)
+                               head = TAILQ_FIRST(&r->s->ws[(ws->idx + i) %
+                                   workspace_limit].winlist);
+
+                       while (head != NULL &&
+                           (head = TAILQ_NEXT(head, entry)) != NULL) {
+                               if (head == cur_focus) {
+                                       winfocus = cur_focus;
+                                       break;
+                               }
+                               if (xcb_icccm_get_wm_hints_reply(conn,
+                                   xcb_icccm_get_wm_hints(conn, head->id),
+                                   &hints, NULL) != 0 &&
+                                   xcb_icccm_wm_hints_get_urgency(&hints)) {
+                                       winfocus = head;
+                                       break;
+                               }
+                       }
+
+                       if (winfocus != NULL)
+                               break;
+               }
+
+               /* Switch ws if new focus is on a different ws. */
+               if (winfocus != NULL && winfocus->ws != ws) {
+                       a.id = winfocus->ws->idx;
+                       switchws(r, &a);
+               }
+               break;
        default:
-               return;
+               goto out;
        }
 
        focus_win(get_focus_magic(winfocus));
-
        focus_flush();
+
+out:
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_FOCUS, "focus: done\n");
 }
 
 void
@@ -3852,7 +4142,7 @@ stack(void) {
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_STACK, "stack: begin\n");
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
 #ifdef SWM_DEBUG
                j = 0;
@@ -3861,10 +4151,12 @@ stack(void) {
                        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_STACK, "stack: workspace: %d "
                            "(screen: %d, region: %d)\n", r->ws->idx, i, j++);
 
-                       /* start with screen geometry, adjust for bar */
+                       /* Adjust stack area for region bar and padding. */
                        g = r->g;
-                       g.w -= 2 * border_width;
-                       g.h -= 2 * border_width;
+                       g.x += region_padding;
+                       g.y += region_padding;
+                       g.w -= 2 * border_width + 2 * region_padding;
+                       g.h -= 2 * border_width + 2 * region_padding;
                        if (bar_enabled && r->ws->bar_enabled) {
                                if (!bar_at_bottom)
                                        g.y += bar_height;
@@ -3883,15 +4175,15 @@ stack(void) {
 }
 
 void
-store_float_geom(struct ws_win *win, struct swm_region *r)
+store_float_geom(struct ws_win *win)
 {
-       if (win == NULL || r == NULL)
+       if (win == NULL || win->ws->r == NULL)
                return;
 
        /* retain window geom and region geom */
        win->g_float = win->g;
-       win->g_float.x -= X(r);
-       win->g_float.y -= Y(r);
+       win->g_float.x -= X(win->ws->r);
+       win->g_float.y -= Y(win->ws->r);
        win->g_floatvalid = 1;
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "store_float_geom: window: 0x%x, g: (%d,%d)"
            " %d x %d, g_float: (%d,%d) %d x %d\n", win->id, X(win), Y(win),
@@ -3900,15 +4192,15 @@ store_float_geom(struct ws_win *win, struct swm_region *r)
 }
 
 void
-load_float_geom(struct ws_win *win, struct swm_region *r)
+load_float_geom(struct ws_win *win)
 {
-       if (win == NULL || r == NULL)
+       if (win == NULL || win->ws->r == NULL)
                return;
 
        if (win->g_floatvalid) {
                win->g = win->g_float;
-               X(win) += X(r);
-               Y(win) += Y(r);
+               X(win) += X(win->ws->r);
+               Y(win) += Y(win->ws->r);
                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "load_float_geom: window: 0x%x, g: (%d,%d)"
                    "%d x %d\n", win->id, X(win), Y(win), WIDTH(win),
                    HEIGHT(win));
@@ -3933,7 +4225,7 @@ stack_floater(struct ws_win *win, struct swm_region *r)
        if (win->floatmaxed || (r != r->ws->old_r &&
            !(win->ewmh_flags & EWMH_F_FULLSCREEN))) {
                /* update geometry for the new region */
-               load_float_geom(win, r);
+               load_float_geom(win);
        }
 
        win->floatmaxed = 0;
@@ -3943,7 +4235,7 @@ stack_floater(struct ws_win *win, struct swm_region *r)
         */
        if (win->ewmh_flags & EWMH_F_FULLSCREEN) {
                if (!win->g_floatvalid)
-                       store_float_geom(win, win->ws->r);
+                       store_float_geom(win);
 
                win->g = r->g;
        }
@@ -3980,11 +4272,11 @@ stack_floater(struct ws_win *win, struct swm_region *r)
                X(win) = X(r) + (WIDTH(r) - WIDTH(win)) /  2 - BORDER(win);
                Y(win) = Y(r) + (HEIGHT(r) - HEIGHT(win)) / 2 - BORDER(win);
 
-               store_float_geom(win, r);
+               store_float_geom(win);
        }
 
-       /* keep window within region bounds */
-       constrain_window(win, r, 0);
+       /* Ensure at least 1 pixel of the window is in the region. */
+       region_containment(win, r, SWM_CW_ALLSIDES);
 
        update_window(win);
 }
@@ -4100,9 +4392,7 @@ stack_master(struct workspace *ws, struct swm_geometry *g, int rot, int flip)
        /*  stack all the tiled windows */
        i = j = 0, s = stacks;
        TAILQ_FOREACH(win, &ws->winlist, entry) {
-               if (win->transient || win->floating)
-                       continue;
-               if (win->iconic)
+               if (win->transient || win->floating || win->iconic)
                        continue;
 
                if (win->ewmh_flags & EWMH_F_FULLSCREEN) {
@@ -4114,22 +4404,30 @@ stack_master(struct workspace *ws, struct swm_geometry *g, int rot, int flip)
                        colno = (winno - mwin) / stacks;
                        if (s <= (winno - mwin) % stacks)
                                colno++;
-                       split = split + colno;
-                       hrh = (r_g.h / colno);
+                       split += colno;
+                       hrh = r_g.h / colno;
                        extra = r_g.h - (colno * hrh);
-                       if (flip)
-                               win_g.x = r_g.x;
-                       else
-                               win_g.x += win_g.w + 2 * border_width;
+
+                       if (!flip)
+                               win_g.x += win_g.w + 2 * border_width +
+                                   tile_gap;
+
                        win_g.w = (r_g.w - msize -
-                           (stacks * 2 * border_width)) / stacks;
+                           (stacks * (2 * border_width + tile_gap))) / stacks;
                        if (s == 1)
                                win_g.w += (r_g.w - msize -
-                                   (stacks * 2 * border_width)) % stacks;
+                                   (stacks * (2 * border_width + tile_gap))) %
+                                   stacks;
+
+                       if (flip)
+                               win_g.x -= win_g.w + 2 * border_width +
+                                   tile_gap;
                        s--;
                        j = 0;
                }
-               win_g.h = hrh - 2 * border_width;
+
+               win_g.h = hrh - 2 * border_width - tile_gap;
+
                if (rot) {
                        h_inc = win->sh.width_inc;
                        h_base = win->sh.base_width;
@@ -4137,6 +4435,7 @@ stack_master(struct workspace *ws, struct swm_geometry *g, int rot, int flip)
                        h_inc = win->sh.height_inc;
                        h_base = win->sh.base_height;
                }
+
                if (j == colno - 1) {
                        win_g.h = hrh + extra;
                } else if (h_inc > 1 && h_inc < h_slice) {
@@ -4156,7 +4455,7 @@ stack_master(struct workspace *ws, struct swm_geometry *g, int rot, int flip)
                if (j == 0)
                        win_g.y = r_g.y;
                else
-                       win_g.y += last_h + 2 * border_width;
+                       win_g.y += last_h + 2 * border_width + tile_gap;
 
                if (disable_border && !(bar_enabled && ws->bar_enabled) &&
                    winno == 1){
@@ -4166,6 +4465,7 @@ stack_master(struct workspace *ws, struct swm_geometry *g, int rot, int flip)
                } else {
                        bordered = 1;
                }
+
                if (rot) {
                        if (X(win) != win_g.y || Y(win) != win_g.x ||
                            WIDTH(win) != win_g.h || HEIGHT(win) != win_g.w) {
@@ -4196,13 +4496,17 @@ stack_master(struct workspace *ws, struct swm_geometry *g, int rot, int flip)
                        update_window(win);
                }
 
-               map_window(win);
+               map_window(win, get_sibling(win, SWM_STACK_BELOW));
 
                last_h = win_g.h;
                i++;
                j++;
        }
 
+       /* Map/raise focused tiled window to top if windows could overlap. */
+       if (tile_gap < 0 && ws->focus != NULL && !ws->focus->floating)
+               map_window(ws->focus, get_sibling(ws->focus, SWM_STACK_TOP));
+
 notiles:
        /* now, stack all the floaters and transients */
        TAILQ_FOREACH(win, &ws->winlist, entry) {
@@ -4216,13 +4520,13 @@ notiles:
                }
 
                stack_floater(win, ws->r);
-               map_window(win);
+               map_window(win, XCB_WINDOW_NONE);
        }
 
        /* Make sure fs_win is stacked last so it's on top. */
        if (fs_win) {
                stack_floater(fs_win, ws->r);
-               map_window(fs_win);
+               map_window(fs_win, XCB_WINDOW_NONE);
        }
 }
 
@@ -4333,7 +4637,7 @@ max_stack(struct workspace *ws, struct swm_geometry *g)
 {
        struct swm_geometry     gg = *g;
        struct ws_win           *w, *win = NULL, *parent = NULL;
-       int                     winno, num_screens;
+       int                     winno;
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_STACK, "max_stack: workspace: %d\n", ws->idx);
 
@@ -4349,6 +4653,8 @@ max_stack(struct workspace *ws, struct swm_geometry *g)
                win = ws->focus_pending;
        else if (ws->focus)
                win = ws->focus;
+       else if (ws->focus_prev)
+               win = ws->focus_prev;
        else
                win = TAILQ_FIRST(&ws->winlist);
 
@@ -4358,17 +4664,19 @@ max_stack(struct workspace *ws, struct swm_geometry *g)
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_STACK, "max_stack: win: 0x%x\n", win->id);
 
        /* maximize all top level windows */
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
        TAILQ_FOREACH(w, &ws->winlist, entry) {
                if (w->transient || w->iconic)
                        continue;
 
+               if (!w->mapped && w != win)
+                       map_window(w, XCB_WINDOW_NONE);
+
                if (w->floating && !w->floatmaxed) {
                        /*
                         * retain geometry for retrieval on exit from
                         * max_stack mode
                         */
-                       store_float_geom(w, ws->r);
+                       store_float_geom(w);
                        w->floatmaxed = 1;
                }
 
@@ -4386,62 +4694,126 @@ max_stack(struct workspace *ws, struct swm_geometry *g)
 
                        update_window(w);
                }
-
-               /* Unmap unwanted windows if not multi-screen. */
-               if (num_screens <= 1 && outputs <= 1 && w != win &&
-                   w != parent && w->transient != win->id)
-                       unmap_window(w);
        }
 
-       /* If a parent exists, map it first. */
+       /* If a parent exists, map/raise it first. */
        if (parent) {
-               map_window(parent);
+               map_window(parent, XCB_WINDOW_NONE);
 
                /* Map siblings next. */
                TAILQ_FOREACH(w, &ws->winlist, entry)
                        if (w != win && !w->iconic &&
                            w->transient == parent->id) {
                                stack_floater(w, ws->r);
-                               map_window(w);
+                               map_window(w, XCB_WINDOW_NONE);
                        }
        }
 
-       /* Map focused window. */
-       map_window(win);
+       /* Map/raise focused window. */
+       map_window(win, XCB_WINDOW_NONE);
 
-       /* Finally, map children of focus window. */
+       /* Finally, map/raise children of focus window. */
        TAILQ_FOREACH(w, &ws->winlist, entry)
                if (w->transient == win->id && !w->iconic) {
                        stack_floater(w, ws->r);
-                       map_window(w);
+                       map_window(w, XCB_WINDOW_NONE);
                }
 }
 
 void
-send_to_ws(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
+send_to_rg(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
 {
-       int                     wsid = args->id;
-       struct ws_win           *win = NULL, *parent;
-       struct workspace        *ws, *nws, *pws;
-       char                    ws_idx_str[SWM_PROPLEN];
+       int                     ridx = args->id, i, num_screens;
+       struct swm_region       *rr = NULL;
+       union arg               a;
 
-       if (wsid >= workspace_limit)
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
+       /* do nothing if we don't have more than one screen */
+       if (!(num_screens > 1 || outputs > 1))
+               return;
+
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_FOCUS, "send_to_rg: id: %d\n", ridx);
+
+       rr = TAILQ_FIRST(&r->s->rl);
+       for (i = 0; i < ridx && rr != NULL; ++i)
+               rr = TAILQ_NEXT(rr, entry);
+
+       if (rr == NULL)
                return;
 
+       a.id = rr->ws->idx;
+
+       send_to_ws(r, &a);
+}
+
+struct swm_region *
+region_under(struct swm_screen *s, int x, int y)
+{
+       struct swm_region       *r = NULL;
+
+       TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &s->rl, entry) {
+               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "region_under: ws: %d, region g: (%d,%d) "
+                   "%d x %d, coords: (%d,%d)\n", r->ws->idx, X(r), Y(r),
+                   WIDTH(r), HEIGHT(r), x, y);
+               if (X(r) <= x && x < MAX_X(r))
+                       if (Y(r) <= y && y < MAX_Y(r))
+                               return (r);
+       }
+
+       return (NULL);
+}
+
+void
+send_to_ws(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
+{
+       int                     wsid = args->id;
+       struct ws_win           *win = NULL;
+
        if (r && r->ws && r->ws->focus)
                win = r->ws->focus;
        else
                return;
 
-       if (win->ws->idx == wsid)
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MOVE, "send_to_ws: win 0x%x, ws %d\n", win->id, wsid);
+
+       win_to_ws(win, wsid, 1);
+
+       /* Restack and set new focus. */
+       stack();
+
+       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
+               if (r->ws->focus_pending) {
+                       focus_win(r->ws->focus_pending);
+                       r->ws->focus_pending = NULL;
+               } else {
+                       xcb_set_input_focus(conn,
+                           XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT, r->id,
+                           XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
+               }
+       }
+
+       focus_flush();
+}
+
+void
+win_to_ws(struct ws_win *win, int wsid, int unfocus)
+{
+       struct ws_win           *parent;
+       struct workspace        *ws, *nws, *pws;
+       char                    ws_idx_str[SWM_PROPLEN];
+
+       if (wsid >= workspace_limit)
                return;
 
-       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MOVE, "send_to_ws: win 0x%x, ws %d -> %d\n", win->id,
-           win->ws->idx, wsid);
+       if (win->ws->idx == wsid)
+               return;
 
        ws = win->ws;
        nws = &win->s->ws[wsid];
 
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MOVE, "win_to_ws: win 0x%x, ws %d -> %d\n", win->id,
+           ws->idx, wsid);
+
        /* Update the window's workspace property: _SWM_WS */
        if (snprintf(ws_idx_str, SWM_PROPLEN, "%d", nws->idx) < SWM_PROPLEN) {
                if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW)
@@ -4460,11 +4832,10 @@ send_to_ws(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
 
                                        unfocus_win(parent);
 
-                                       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW)
+                                       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
                                                pws->focus = pws->focus_pending;
-
-                                       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW)
                                                pws->focus_pending = NULL;
+                                       }
                                }
 
                                /* Don't unmap parent if new ws is visible */
@@ -4476,7 +4847,7 @@ send_to_ws(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
                                TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&nws->winlist, parent, entry);
                                parent->ws = nws;
 
-                               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_PROP, "send_to_ws: set "
+                               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_PROP, "win_to_ws: set "
                                    "property: _SWM_WS: %s\n", ws_idx_str);
                                xcb_change_property(conn, XCB_PROP_MODE_REPLACE,
                                    parent->id, a_swm_ws, XCB_ATOM_STRING, 8,
@@ -4484,7 +4855,8 @@ send_to_ws(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
                        }
                }
 
-               unfocus_win(win);
+               if (unfocus)
+                       unfocus_win(win);
 
                /* Don't unmap if new ws is visible */
                if (nws->r == NULL)
@@ -4499,24 +4871,14 @@ send_to_ws(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
                unfocus_win(nws->focus);
                nws->focus = win;
 
-               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_PROP, "send_to_ws: set property: _SWM_WS: %s\n",
+               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_PROP, "win_to_ws: set property: _SWM_WS: %s\n",
                    ws_idx_str);
                xcb_change_property(conn, XCB_PROP_MODE_REPLACE, win->id,
                    a_swm_ws, XCB_ATOM_STRING, 8, strlen(ws_idx_str),
                    ws_idx_str);
-
-               /* Restack and set new focus. */
-               stack();
-
-               if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
-                       focus_win(ws->focus_pending);
-                       ws->focus_pending = NULL;
-               }
-
-               focus_flush();
        }
 
-       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MOVE, "send_to_ws: done.\n");
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MOVE, "win_to_ws: done.\n");
 }
 
 void
@@ -4571,32 +4933,28 @@ get_win_name(xcb_window_t win)
        xcb_get_property_reply_t        *r;
 
        /* First try _NET_WM_NAME for UTF-8. */
-       c = xcb_get_property(conn, 0, win, a_netwmname,
+       c = xcb_get_property(conn, 0, win, ewmh[_NET_WM_NAME].atom,
            XCB_GET_PROPERTY_TYPE_ANY, 0, UINT_MAX);
        r = xcb_get_property_reply(conn, c, NULL);
-
-       if (r) {
-               if (r->type == XCB_NONE) {
-                       free(r);
-                       /* Use WM_NAME instead; no UTF-8. */
-                       c = xcb_get_property(conn, 0, win, XCB_ATOM_WM_NAME,
-                               XCB_GET_PROPERTY_TYPE_ANY, 0, UINT_MAX);
-                       r = xcb_get_property_reply(conn, c, NULL);
-
-                       if (!r)
-                               return (NULL);
-                       if (r->type == XCB_NONE) {
-                               free(r);
-                               return (NULL);
-                       }
-               }
-               if (r->length > 0)
-                       name = strndup(xcb_get_property_value(r),
-                                  xcb_get_property_value_length(r));
-
+       if (r && r->type == XCB_NONE) {
                free(r);
+               /* Use WM_NAME instead; no UTF-8. */
+               c = xcb_get_property(conn, 0, win, XCB_ATOM_WM_NAME,
+                   XCB_GET_PROPERTY_TYPE_ANY, 0, UINT_MAX);
+               r = xcb_get_property_reply(conn, c, NULL);
        }
 
+       if (r && r->type != XCB_NONE && r->length > 0)
+               name = strndup(xcb_get_property_value(r),
+                   xcb_get_property_value_length(r));
+       else
+               name = strdup("");
+
+       if (name == NULL)
+               err(1, "get_win_name: failed to allocate memory.");
+
+       free(r);
+
        return (name);
 }
 
@@ -4639,8 +4997,6 @@ uniconify(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
                        continue;
 
                name = get_win_name(win->id);
-               if (name == NULL)
-                       continue;
                fprintf(lfile, "%s.%u\n", name, win->id);
                free(name);
        }
@@ -4822,7 +5178,7 @@ search_win(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
 }
 
 void
-search_resp_uniconify(const char *resp, unsigned long len)
+search_resp_uniconify(const char *resp, size_t len)
 {
        char                    *name;
        struct ws_win           *win;
@@ -4834,8 +5190,6 @@ search_resp_uniconify(const char *resp, unsigned long len)
                if (!win->iconic)
                        continue;
                name = get_win_name(win->id);
-               if (name == NULL)
-                       continue;
                if (asprintf(&s, "%s.%u", name, win->id) == -1) {
                        free(name);
                        continue;
@@ -4852,7 +5206,7 @@ search_resp_uniconify(const char *resp, unsigned long len)
 }
 
 void
-search_resp_name_workspace(const char *resp, unsigned long len)
+search_resp_name_workspace(const char *resp, size_t len)
 {
        struct workspace        *ws;
 
@@ -4888,7 +5242,7 @@ search_resp_search_workspace(const char *resp)
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "search_resp_search_workspace: resp: %s\n", resp);
 
        q = strdup(resp);
-       if (!q) {
+       if (q == NULL) {
                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "search_resp_search_workspace: strdup: %s",
                    strerror(errno));
                return;
@@ -4919,7 +5273,7 @@ search_resp_search_window(const char *resp)
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "search_resp_search_window: resp: %s\n", resp);
 
        s = strdup(resp);
-       if (!s) {
+       if (s == NULL) {
                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "search_resp_search_window: strdup: %s",
                    strerror(errno));
                return;
@@ -4948,7 +5302,7 @@ search_do_resp(void)
 {
        ssize_t                 rbytes;
        char                    *resp;
-       unsigned long           len;
+       size_t                  len;
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "search_do_resp:\n");
 
@@ -5003,7 +5357,8 @@ done:
 void
 wkill(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
 {
-       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "wkill: id: %d\n", args->id);
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "wkill: win %#x, id: %d\n", WINID(r->ws->focus),
+           args->id);
 
        if (r->ws->focus == NULL)
                return;
@@ -5020,16 +5375,12 @@ wkill(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
 int
 floating_toggle_win(struct ws_win *win)
 {
-       struct swm_region       *r;
-
        if (win == NULL)
                return (0);
 
-       if (!win->ws->r)
+       if (win->ws->r == NULL)
                return (0);
 
-       r = win->ws->r;
-
        /* reject floating toggles in max stack mode */
        if (win->ws->cur_layout == &layouts[SWM_MAX_STACK])
                return (0);
@@ -5037,11 +5388,11 @@ floating_toggle_win(struct ws_win *win)
        if (win->floating) {
                if (!win->floatmaxed) {
                        /* retain position for refloat */
-                       store_float_geom(win, r);
+                       store_float_geom(win);
                }
                win->floating = 0;
        } else {
-               load_float_geom(win, r);
+               load_float_geom(win);
                win->floating = 1;
        }
 
@@ -5076,37 +5427,85 @@ floating_toggle(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
 }
 
 void
-constrain_window(struct ws_win *win, struct swm_region *r, int resizable)
+region_containment(struct ws_win *win, struct swm_region *r, int opts)
 {
-       if (MAX_X(win) + BORDER(win) > MAX_X(r)) {
-               if (resizable)
-                       WIDTH(win) = MAX_X(r) - X(win) - BORDER(win);
+       struct swm_geometry             g = r->g;
+       int                             rt, lt, tp, bm, bw;
+
+       bw = (opts & SWM_CW_SOFTBOUNDARY) ? boundary_width : 0;
+
+       /*
+        * Perpendicular distance of each side of the window to the respective
+        * side of the region boundary.  Positive values indicate the side of
+        * the window has passed beyond the region boundary.
+        */
+       rt = opts & SWM_CW_RIGHT ? MAX_X(win) + BORDER(win) - MAX_X(r) : bw;
+       lt = opts & SWM_CW_LEFT ? X(r) - X(win) + BORDER(win) : bw;
+       bm = opts & SWM_CW_BOTTOM ? MAX_Y(win) + BORDER(win) - MAX_Y(r) : bw;
+       tp = opts & SWM_CW_TOP ? Y(r) - Y(win) + BORDER(win) : bw;
+
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "region_containment: win 0x%x, rt: %d, lt: %d, "
+           "bm: %d, tp: %d, SOFTBOUNDARY: %s, HARDBOUNDARY: %s\n", win->id, rt,
+           lt, bm, tp, YESNO(opts & SWM_CW_SOFTBOUNDARY),
+           YESNO(opts & SWM_CW_HARDBOUNDARY));
+
+       /*
+        * Disable containment if any of the flagged sides went beyond the
+        * containment boundary, or if containment is disabled.
+        */
+       if (!(opts & SWM_CW_HARDBOUNDARY || opts & SWM_CW_SOFTBOUNDARY) ||
+           (bw != 0 && ((rt > bw) || (lt > bw) || (bm > bw) || (tp > bw)))) {
+               /* Make sure window has at least 1 pixel in the region */
+               g.x += 1 - WIDTH(win);
+               g.y += 1 - HEIGHT(win);
+               g.w += 2 * WIDTH(win) - 2;
+               g.h += 2 * HEIGHT(win) - 2;
+       }
+
+       constrain_window(win, &g, &opts);
+}
+
+/* Move or resize a window so that flagged side(s) fit into the supplied box. */
+void
+constrain_window(struct ws_win *win, struct swm_geometry *b, int *opts)
+{
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "constrain_window: window: 0x%x, (x,y) w x h: "
+           "(%d,%d) %d x %d, box: (x,y) w x h: (%d,%d) %d x %d, rt: %s, "
+           "lt: %s, bt: %s, tp: %s, allow resize: %s\n", win->id, X(win),
+           Y(win), WIDTH(win), HEIGHT(win), b->x, b->y, b->w, b->h,
+           YESNO(*opts & SWM_CW_RIGHT), YESNO(*opts & SWM_CW_LEFT),
+           YESNO(*opts & SWM_CW_BOTTOM), YESNO(*opts & SWM_CW_TOP),
+           YESNO(*opts & SWM_CW_RESIZABLE));
+
+       if ((*opts & SWM_CW_RIGHT) && MAX_X(win) + BORDER(win) > b->x + b->w) {
+               if (*opts & SWM_CW_RESIZABLE)
+                       WIDTH(win) = b->x + b->w - X(win) - BORDER(win);
                else
-                       X(win) = MAX_X(r)- WIDTH(win) - BORDER(win);
+                       X(win) = b->x + b->w - WIDTH(win) - BORDER(win);
        }
 
-       if (X(win) + BORDER(win) < X(r)) {
-               if (resizable)
-                       WIDTH(win) -= X(r) - X(win) - BORDER(win);
+       if ((*opts & SWM_CW_LEFT) && X(win) + BORDER(win) < b->x) {
+               if (*opts & SWM_CW_RESIZABLE)
+                       WIDTH(win) -= b->x - X(win) - BORDER(win);
 
-               X(win) = X(r) - BORDER(win);
+               X(win) = b->x - BORDER(win);
        }
 
-       if (MAX_Y(win) + BORDER(win) > MAX_Y(r)) {
-               if (resizable)
-                       HEIGHT(win) = MAX_Y(r) - Y(win) - BORDER(win);
+       if ((*opts & SWM_CW_BOTTOM) && MAX_Y(win) + BORDER(win) > b->y + b->h) {
+               if (*opts & SWM_CW_RESIZABLE)
+                       HEIGHT(win) = b->y + b->h - Y(win) - BORDER(win);
                else
-                       Y(win) = MAX_Y(r) - HEIGHT(win) - BORDER(win);
+                       Y(win) = b->y + b->h - HEIGHT(win) - BORDER(win);
        }
 
-       if (Y(win) + BORDER(win) < Y(r)) {
-               if (resizable)
-                       HEIGHT(win) -= Y(r) - Y(win) - BORDER(win);
+       if ((*opts & SWM_CW_TOP) && Y(win) + BORDER(win) < b->y) {
+               if (*opts & SWM_CW_RESIZABLE)
+                       HEIGHT(win) -= b->y - Y(win) - BORDER(win);
 
-               Y(win) = Y(r) - BORDER(win);
+               Y(win) = b->y - BORDER(win);
        }
 
-       if (resizable) {
+       if (*opts & SWM_CW_RESIZABLE) {
                if (WIDTH(win) < 1)
                        WIDTH(win) = 1;
                if (HEIGHT(win) < 1)
@@ -5148,7 +5547,7 @@ resize(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
        int                     top = 0, left = 0, resizing;
        int                     dx, dy;
        xcb_cursor_t                    cursor;
-       xcb_query_pointer_reply_t       *xpr;
+       xcb_query_pointer_reply_t       *xpr = NULL;
        xcb_generic_event_t             *evt;
        xcb_motion_notify_event_t       *mne;
 
@@ -5178,6 +5577,12 @@ resize(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
 
        focus_flush();
 
+       /* It's possible for win to have been freed during focus_flush(). */
+       if (validate_win(win)) {
+               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "resize: invalid win.\n");
+               goto out;
+       }
+
        switch (args->id) {
        case SWM_ARG_ID_WIDTHSHRINK:
                WIDTH(win) -= SWM_RESIZE_STEPS;
@@ -5199,16 +5604,21 @@ resize(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
                break;
        }
        if (resize_stp) {
-               constrain_window(win, r, 1);
+               region_containment(win, r, SWM_CW_ALLSIDES | SWM_CW_RESIZABLE |
+                   SWM_CW_HARDBOUNDARY);
                update_window(win);
-               store_float_geom(win,r);
+               store_float_geom(win);
                return;
        }
 
+       region_containment(win, r, SWM_CW_ALLSIDES | SWM_CW_RESIZABLE |
+           SWM_CW_SOFTBOUNDARY);
+       update_window(win);
+
        /* get cursor offset from window root */
        xpr = xcb_query_pointer_reply(conn, xcb_query_pointer(conn, win->id),
            NULL);
-       if (!xpr)
+       if (xpr == NULL)
                return;
 
        g = win->g;
@@ -5234,7 +5644,7 @@ resize(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
 
        xcb_flush(conn);
        resizing = 1;
-       while ((evt = xcb_wait_for_event(conn)) && resizing) {
+       while (resizing && (evt = xcb_wait_for_event(conn))) {
                switch (XCB_EVENT_RESPONSE_TYPE(evt)) {
                case XCB_BUTTON_RELEASE:
                        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "resize: BUTTON_RELEASE\n");
@@ -5286,27 +5696,37 @@ resize(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
                                WIDTH(win) = g.w + dx;
                        }
 
-                       constrain_window(win, r, 1);
-
                        /* not free, don't sync more than 120 times / second */
                        if ((mne->time - timestamp) > (1000 / 120) ) {
                                timestamp = mne->time;
+                               regionize(win, mne->root_x, mne->root_y);
+                               region_containment(win, r, SWM_CW_ALLSIDES |
+                                   SWM_CW_RESIZABLE | SWM_CW_HARDBOUNDARY |
+                                   SWM_CW_SOFTBOUNDARY);
                                update_window(win);
                                xcb_flush(conn);
                        }
                        break;
                default:
                        event_handle(evt);
+
+                       /* It's possible for win to have been freed above. */
+                       if (validate_win(win)) {
+                               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "resize: invalid win.\n");
+                               goto out;
+                       }
                        break;
                }
                free(evt);
        }
        if (timestamp) {
+               region_containment(win, r, SWM_CW_ALLSIDES | SWM_CW_RESIZABLE |
+                   SWM_CW_HARDBOUNDARY | SWM_CW_SOFTBOUNDARY);
                update_window(win);
                xcb_flush(conn);
        }
-       store_float_geom(win,r);
-
+       store_float_geom(win);
+out:
        xcb_ungrab_pointer(conn, XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
        free(xpr);
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "resize: done.\n");
@@ -5326,6 +5746,23 @@ resize_step(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
        focus_flush();
 }
 
+/* Try to set window region based on supplied coordinates or window center. */
+void
+regionize(struct ws_win *win, int x, int y)
+{
+       struct swm_region *r = NULL;
+
+       r = region_under(win->s, x, y);
+       if (r == NULL)
+               r = region_under(win->s, X(win) + WIDTH(win) / 2,
+                   Y(win) + HEIGHT(win) / 2);
+
+       if (r && r != win->ws->r) {
+               win_to_ws(win, r->ws->idx, 0);
+               set_region(r);
+       }
+}
+
 #define SWM_MOVE_STEPS (50)
 
 void
@@ -5333,14 +5770,12 @@ move(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
 {
        xcb_timestamp_t         timestamp = 0;
        int                     move_stp = 0, moving;
-       struct swm_region       *r = NULL;
-       xcb_query_pointer_reply_t       *qpr;
+       xcb_query_pointer_reply_t       *qpr = NULL;
        xcb_generic_event_t             *evt;
        xcb_motion_notify_event_t       *mne;
 
        if (win == NULL)
                return;
-       r = win->ws->r;
 
        if (win->ewmh_flags & EWMH_F_FULLSCREEN)
                return;
@@ -5352,19 +5787,28 @@ move(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
        if (win->ws->cur_layout == &layouts[SWM_MAX_STACK] && !win->transient)
                return;
 
-       win->manual = 1;
+       if (!win->manual) {
+               win->manual = 1;
+               ewmh_update_win_state(win, ewmh[_SWM_WM_STATE_MANUAL].atom,
+                   _NET_WM_STATE_ADD);
+       }
+
+       /* When a stacked win is moved, float it and restack. */
        if (!win->floating && !win->transient) {
-               store_float_geom(win, r);
+               store_float_geom(win);
                ewmh_update_win_state(win, ewmh[_NET_WM_STATE_ABOVE].atom,
                    _NET_WM_STATE_ADD);
+               stack();
        }
-       ewmh_update_win_state(win, ewmh[_SWM_WM_STATE_MANUAL].atom,
-           _NET_WM_STATE_ADD);
-
-       stack();
 
        focus_flush();
 
+       /* It's possible for win to have been freed during focus_flush(). */
+       if (validate_win(win)) {
+               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "move: invalid win.\n");
+               goto out;
+       }
+
        move_stp = 0;
        switch (args->id) {
        case SWM_ARG_ID_MOVELEFT:
@@ -5387,9 +5831,10 @@ move(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
                break;
        }
        if (move_stp) {
-               constrain_window(win, r, 0);
+               regionize(win, -1, -1);
+               region_containment(win, win->ws->r, SWM_CW_ALLSIDES);
                update_window(win);
-               store_float_geom(win, r);
+               store_float_geom(win);
                return;
        }
 
@@ -5400,14 +5845,18 @@ move(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
        /* get cursor offset from window root */
        qpr = xcb_query_pointer_reply(conn, xcb_query_pointer(conn, win->id),
                NULL);
-       if (!qpr) {
+       if (qpr == NULL) {
                xcb_ungrab_pointer(conn, XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
                return;
        }
 
+       regionize(win, qpr->root_x, qpr->root_y);
+       region_containment(win, win->ws->r, SWM_CW_ALLSIDES |
+           SWM_CW_SOFTBOUNDARY);
+       update_window(win);
        xcb_flush(conn);
        moving = 1;
-       while ((evt = xcb_wait_for_event(conn)) && moving) {
+       while (moving && (evt = xcb_wait_for_event(conn))) {
                switch (XCB_EVENT_RESPONSE_TYPE(evt)) {
                case XCB_BUTTON_RELEASE:
                        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "move: BUTTON_RELEASE\n");
@@ -5415,29 +5864,40 @@ move(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
                        break;
                case XCB_MOTION_NOTIFY:
                        mne = (xcb_motion_notify_event_t *)evt;
+                       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "motion: root: 0x%x\n", mne->root);
                        X(win) = mne->root_x - qpr->win_x - border_width;
                        Y(win) = mne->root_y - qpr->win_y - border_width;
 
-                       constrain_window(win, r, 0);
-
                        /* not free, don't sync more than 120 times / second */
                        if ((mne->time - timestamp) > (1000 / 120) ) {
                                timestamp = mne->time;
+                               regionize(win, mne->root_x, mne->root_y);
+                               region_containment(win, win->ws->r,
+                                   SWM_CW_ALLSIDES | SWM_CW_SOFTBOUNDARY);
                                update_window(win);
                                xcb_flush(conn);
                        }
                        break;
                default:
                        event_handle(evt);
+
+                       /* It's possible for win to have been freed above. */
+                       if (validate_win(win)) {
+                               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "move: invalid win.\n");
+                               goto out;
+                       }
                        break;
                }
                free(evt);
        }
        if (timestamp) {
+               region_containment(win, win->ws->r, SWM_CW_ALLSIDES |
+                   SWM_CW_SOFTBOUNDARY);
                update_window(win);
                xcb_flush(conn);
        }
-       store_float_geom(win, r);
+       store_float_geom(win);
+out:
        free(qpr);
        xcb_ungrab_pointer(conn, XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "move: done.\n");
@@ -5476,6 +5936,7 @@ struct keyfunc {
        { "focus_main",         focus,          {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_FOCUSMAIN} },
        { "focus_next",         focus,          {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_FOCUSNEXT} },
        { "focus_prev",         focus,          {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_FOCUSPREV} },
+       { "focus_urgent",       focus,          {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_FOCUSURGENT} },
        { "height_grow",        resize_step,    {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_HEIGHTGROW} },
        { "height_shrink",      resize_step,    {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_HEIGHTSHRINK} },
        { "iconify",            iconify,        {0} },
@@ -5487,6 +5948,15 @@ struct keyfunc {
        { "move_left",          move_step,      {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_MOVELEFT} },
        { "move_right",         move_step,      {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_MOVERIGHT} },
        { "move_up",            move_step,      {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_MOVEUP} },
+       { "mvrg_1",             send_to_rg,     {.id = 0} },
+       { "mvrg_2",             send_to_rg,     {.id = 1} },
+       { "mvrg_3",             send_to_rg,     {.id = 2} },
+       { "mvrg_4",             send_to_rg,     {.id = 3} },
+       { "mvrg_5",             send_to_rg,     {.id = 4} },
+       { "mvrg_6",             send_to_rg,     {.id = 5} },
+       { "mvrg_7",             send_to_rg,     {.id = 6} },
+       { "mvrg_8",             send_to_rg,     {.id = 7} },
+       { "mvrg_9",             send_to_rg,     {.id = 8} },
        { "mvws_1",             send_to_ws,     {.id = 0} },
        { "mvws_2",             send_to_ws,     {.id = 1} },
        { "mvws_3",             send_to_ws,     {.id = 2} },
@@ -5513,8 +5983,19 @@ struct keyfunc {
        { "quit",               quit,           {0} },
        { "raise_toggle",       raise_toggle,   {0} },
        { "restart",            restart,        {0} },
-       { "screen_next",        cyclescr,       {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLESC_UP} },
-       { "screen_prev",        cyclescr,       {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLESC_DOWN} },
+       { "rg_1",               focusrg,        {.id = 0} },
+       { "rg_2",               focusrg,        {.id = 1} },
+       { "rg_3",               focusrg,        {.id = 2} },
+       { "rg_4",               focusrg,        {.id = 3} },
+       { "rg_5",               focusrg,        {.id = 4} },
+       { "rg_6",               focusrg,        {.id = 5} },
+       { "rg_7",               focusrg,        {.id = 6} },
+       { "rg_8",               focusrg,        {.id = 7} },
+       { "rg_9",               focusrg,        {.id = 8} },
+       { "rg_next",            cyclerg,        {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLERG_UP} },
+       { "rg_prev",            cyclerg,        {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLERG_DOWN} },
+       { "screen_next",        cyclerg,        {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLERG_UP} },
+       { "screen_prev",        cyclerg,        {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLERG_DOWN} },
        { "search_win",         search_win,     {0} },
        { "search_workspace",   search_workspace,       {0} },
        { "spawn_custom",       NULL,           {0} },
@@ -5554,8 +6035,10 @@ struct keyfunc {
        { "ws_22",              switchws,       {.id = 21} },
        { "ws_next",            cyclews,        {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_UP} },
        { "ws_next_all",        cyclews,        {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_UP_ALL} },
+       { "ws_next_move",       cyclews,        {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_MOVE_UP} },
        { "ws_prev",            cyclews,        {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_DOWN} },
        { "ws_prev_all",        cyclews,        {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_DOWN_ALL} },
+       { "ws_prev_move",       cyclews,        {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_MOVE_DOWN} },
        { "ws_prior",           priorws,        {0} },
        { "dumpwins",           dumpwins,       {0} }, /* MUST BE LAST */
        { "invalid key func",   NULL,           {0} },
@@ -5619,7 +6102,7 @@ spawn_expand(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args, const char *spawn_name,
     char ***ret_args)
 {
        struct spawn_prog       *prog = NULL;
-       int                     i;
+       int                     i, c;
        char                    *ap, **real_args;
 
        /* suppress unused warning since var is needed */
@@ -5629,7 +6112,7 @@ spawn_expand(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args, const char *spawn_name,
 
        /* find program */
        TAILQ_FOREACH(prog, &spawns, entry) {
-               if (!strcasecmp(spawn_name, prog->name))
+               if (strcasecmp(spawn_name, prog->name) == 0)
                        break;
        }
        if (prog == NULL) {
@@ -5642,55 +6125,68 @@ spawn_expand(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args, const char *spawn_name,
                err(1, "spawn_custom: calloc real_args");
 
        /* expand spawn_args into real_args */
-       for (i = 0; i < prog->argc; i++) {
+       for (i = c = 0; i < prog->argc; i++) {
                ap = prog->argv[i];
                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "spawn_custom: raw arg: %s\n", ap);
-               if (!strcasecmp(ap, "$bar_border")) {
-                       if ((real_args[i] =
+               if (strcasecmp(ap, "$bar_border") == 0) {
+                       if ((real_args[c] =
                            strdup(r->s->c[SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_BORDER].name))
                            == NULL)
                                err(1,  "spawn_custom border color");
-               } else if (!strcasecmp(ap, "$bar_color")) {
-                       if ((real_args[i] =
+               } else if (strcasecmp(ap, "$bar_color") == 0) {
+                       if ((real_args[c] =
                            strdup(r->s->c[SWM_S_COLOR_BAR].name))
                            == NULL)
                                err(1, "spawn_custom bar color");
-               } else if (!strcasecmp(ap, "$bar_font")) {
-                       if ((real_args[i] = strdup(bar_fonts))
+               } else if (strcasecmp(ap, "$bar_font") == 0) {
+                       if ((real_args[c] = strdup(bar_fonts))
                            == NULL)
                                err(1, "spawn_custom bar fonts");
-               } else if (!strcasecmp(ap, "$bar_font_color")) {
-                       if ((real_args[i] =
+               } else if (strcasecmp(ap, "$bar_font_color") == 0) {
+                       if ((real_args[c] =
                            strdup(r->s->c[SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_FONT].name))
                            == NULL)
                                err(1, "spawn_custom color font");
-               } else if (!strcasecmp(ap, "$color_focus")) {
-                       if ((real_args[i] =
+               } else if (strcasecmp(ap, "$color_focus") == 0) {
+                       if ((real_args[c] =
                            strdup(r->s->c[SWM_S_COLOR_FOCUS].name))
                            == NULL)
                                err(1, "spawn_custom color focus");
-               } else if (!strcasecmp(ap, "$color_unfocus")) {
-                       if ((real_args[i] =
+               } else if (strcasecmp(ap, "$color_unfocus") == 0) {
+                       if ((real_args[c] =
                            strdup(r->s->c[SWM_S_COLOR_UNFOCUS].name))
                            == NULL)
                                err(1, "spawn_custom color unfocus");
+               } else if (strcasecmp(ap, "$region_index") == 0) {
+                       if (asprintf(&real_args[c], "%d",
+                           get_region_index(r) + 1) < 1)
+                               err(1, "spawn_custom region index");
+               } else if (strcasecmp(ap, "$workspace_index") == 0) {
+                       if (asprintf(&real_args[c], "%d", r->ws->idx + 1) < 1)
+                               err(1, "spawn_custom workspace index");
+               } else if (strcasecmp(ap, "$dmenu_bottom") == 0) {
+                       if (!bar_at_bottom)
+                               continue;
+                       if ((real_args[c] = strdup("-b")) == NULL)
+                               err(1, "spawn_custom workspace index");
                } else {
                        /* no match --> copy as is */
-                       if ((real_args[i] = strdup(ap)) == NULL)
+                       if ((real_args[c] = strdup(ap)) == NULL)
                                err(1, "spawn_custom strdup(ap)");
                }
                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "spawn_custom: cooked arg: %s\n",
-                   real_args[i]);
+                   real_args[c]);
+               ++c;
        }
 
 #ifdef SWM_DEBUG
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "spawn_custom: result: ");
-       for (i = 0; i < prog->argc; i++)
-               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "\"%s\" ", real_args[i]);
-       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "\n");
+       for (i = 0; i < c; ++i)
+               DPRINTF("\"%s\" ", real_args[i]);
+       DPRINTF("\n");
 #endif
        *ret_args = real_args;
-       return (prog->argc);
+       return (c);
 }
 
 void
@@ -5735,9 +6231,9 @@ spawn_select(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args, const char *spawn_name,
                err(1, "cannot fork");
                break;
        case 0: /* child */
-               if (dup2(select_list_pipe[0], 0) == -1)
+               if (dup2(select_list_pipe[0], STDIN_FILENO) == -1)
                        err(1, "dup2");
-               if (dup2(select_resp_pipe[1], 1) == -1)
+               if (dup2(select_resp_pipe[1], STDOUT_FILENO) == -1)
                        err(1, "dup2");
                close(select_list_pipe[1]);
                close(select_resp_pipe[0]);
@@ -5754,24 +6250,73 @@ spawn_select(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args, const char *spawn_name,
        free(real_args);
 }
 
+/* Argument tokenizer. */
+char *
+argsep(char **sp) {
+       int                     single_quoted = 0, double_quoted = 0;
+       char                    *arg, *cp, *next;
+
+       if (*sp == NULL)
+               return NULL;
+
+       /* Eat and move characters until end of argument is found. */
+       for (arg = next = cp = *sp; *cp != '\0'; ++cp) {
+               if (!double_quoted && *cp == '\'') {
+                       /* Eat single-quote. */
+                       single_quoted = !single_quoted;
+               } else if (!single_quoted && *cp == '"') {
+                       /* Eat double-quote. */
+                       double_quoted = !double_quoted;
+               } else if (!single_quoted && *cp == '\\' && *(cp + 1) == '"') {
+                       /* Eat backslash; copy escaped character to arg. */
+                       *next++ = *(++cp);
+               } else if (!single_quoted && !double_quoted && *cp == '\\' &&
+                   (*(cp + 1) == '\'' || *(cp + 1) == ' ')) {
+                       /* Eat backslash; move escaped character. */
+                       *next++ = *(++cp);
+               } else if (!single_quoted && !double_quoted &&
+                   (*cp == ' ' || *cp == '\t')) {
+                       /* Terminate argument. */
+                       *next++ = '\0';
+                       /* Point sp to beginning of next argument. */
+                       *sp = ++cp;
+                       break;
+               } else {
+                       /* Move regular character. */
+                       *next++ = *cp;
+               }
+       }
+
+       /* Terminate argument if end of string. */
+       if (*cp == '\0') {
+               *next = '\0';
+               *sp = NULL;
+       }
+
+       return arg;
+}
+
 void
-spawn_insert(const char *name, const char *args)
+spawn_insert(const char *name, const char *args, int flags)
 {
-       char                    *arg, *cp, *ptr;
        struct spawn_prog       *sp;
+       char                    *arg, *dup, *ptr;
 
-       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "spawn_insert: %s\n", name);
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "spawn_insert: %s[%s]\n", name, args);
+
+       if (args == NULL || *args == '\0')
+               return;
 
        if ((sp = calloc(1, sizeof *sp)) == NULL)
                err(1, "spawn_insert: calloc");
        if ((sp->name = strdup(name)) == NULL)
                err(1, "spawn_insert: strdup");
 
-       /* convert the arguments to an argument list */
-       if ((ptr = cp = strdup(args)) == NULL)
+       /* Convert the arguments to an argument list. */
+       if ((ptr = dup = strdup(args)) == NULL)
                err(1, "spawn_insert: strdup");
-       while ((arg = strsep(&ptr, " \t")) != NULL) {
-               /* empty field; skip it */
+       while ((arg = argsep(&ptr)) != NULL) {
+               /* Null argument; skip it. */
                if (*arg == '\0')
                        continue;
 
@@ -5782,8 +6327,11 @@ spawn_insert(const char *name, const char *args)
                if ((sp->argv[sp->argc - 1] = strdup(arg)) == NULL)
                        err(1, "spawn_insert: strdup");
        }
-       free(cp);
+       free(dup);
+
+       sp->flags = flags;
 
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "arg %d: [%s]\n", sp->argc, sp->argv[sp->argc-1]);
        TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&spawns, sp, entry);
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "spawn_insert: leave\n");
 }
@@ -5805,19 +6353,20 @@ spawn_remove(struct spawn_prog *sp)
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "spawn_remove: leave\n");
 }
 
-void
-spawn_replace(struct spawn_prog *sp, const char *name, const char *args)
+struct spawn_prog*
+spawn_find(const char *name)
 {
-       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "spawn_replace: %s [%s]\n", sp->name, name);
+       struct spawn_prog       *sp;
 
-       spawn_remove(sp);
-       spawn_insert(name, args);
+       TAILQ_FOREACH(sp, &spawns, entry)
+               if (strcasecmp(sp->name, name) == 0)
+                       return sp;
 
-       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "spawn_replace: leave\n");
+       return NULL;
 }
 
 void
-setspawn(const char *name, const char *args)
+setspawn(const char *name, const char *args, int flags)
 {
        struct spawn_prog       *sp;
 
@@ -5826,83 +6375,119 @@ setspawn(const char *name, const char *args)
        if (name == NULL)
                return;
 
-       TAILQ_FOREACH(sp, &spawns, entry) {
-               if (!strcmp(sp->name, name)) {
-                       if (*args == '\0')
-                               spawn_remove(sp);
-                       else
-                               spawn_replace(sp, name, args);
-                       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "setspawn: leave\n");
-                       return;
-               }
-       }
-       if (*args == '\0') {
+       /* Remove any old spawn under the same name. */
+       if ((sp = spawn_find(name)) != NULL)
+               spawn_remove(sp);
+
+       if (*args != '\0')
+               spawn_insert(name, args, flags);
+       else
                warnx("error: setspawn: cannot find program: %s", name);
-               return;
-       }
 
-       spawn_insert(name, args);
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "setspawn: leave\n");
 }
 
 int
-setconfspawn(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
+setconfspawn(const char *selector, const char *value, int flags)
 {
-       char *args;
+       char            *args;
 
-       /* suppress unused warning since var is needed */
-       (void)flags;
+       if (selector == NULL || strlen(selector) == 0)
+               return (1);
 
        args = expand_tilde(value);
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "setconfspawn: [%s] [%s]\n", selector, args);
 
-       setspawn(selector, args);
+       setspawn(selector, args, flags);
        free(args);
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "setconfspawn: done.\n");
        return (0);
 }
 
+void
+validate_spawns(void)
+{
+       struct spawn_prog       *sp;
+       char                    which[PATH_MAX];
+       size_t                  i;
+
+       struct key              *kp;
+
+       RB_FOREACH(kp, key_tree, &keys) {
+               if (kp->funcid != KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM)
+                       continue;
+
+               /* find program */
+               sp = spawn_find(kp->spawn_name);
+               if (sp == NULL || sp->flags & SWM_SPAWN_OPTIONAL)
+                       continue;
+
+               /* verify we have the goods */
+               snprintf(which, sizeof which, "which %s", sp->argv[0]);
+               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_CONF, "validate_spawns: which %s\n",
+                   sp->argv[0]);
+               for (i = strlen("which "); i < strlen(which); i++)
+                       if (which[i] == ' ') {
+                               which[i] = '\0';
+                               break;
+                       }
+               if (system(which) != 0)
+                       add_startup_exception("could not find %s",
+                           &which[strlen("which ")]);
+       }
+}
+
 void
 setup_spawn(void)
 {
+       setconfspawn("lock",            "xlock",                0);
+
        setconfspawn("term",            "xterm",                0);
        setconfspawn("spawn_term",      "xterm",                0);
-       setconfspawn("screenshot_all",  "screenshot.sh full",   0);
-       setconfspawn("screenshot_wind", "screenshot.sh window", 0);
-       setconfspawn("lock",            "xlock",                0);
-       setconfspawn("initscr",         "initscreen.sh",        0);
+
        setconfspawn("menu",            "dmenu_run"
+                                       " $dmenu_bottom"
                                        " -fn $bar_font"
                                        " -nb $bar_color"
                                        " -nf $bar_font_color"
                                        " -sb $bar_border"
                                        " -sf $bar_color",      0);
+
        setconfspawn("search",          "dmenu"
+                                       " $dmenu_bottom"
                                        " -i"
                                        " -fn $bar_font"
                                        " -nb $bar_color"
                                        " -nf $bar_font_color"
                                        " -sb $bar_border"
                                        " -sf $bar_color",      0);
+
        setconfspawn("name_workspace",  "dmenu"
+                                       " $dmenu_bottom"
                                        " -p Workspace"
                                        " -fn $bar_font"
                                        " -nb $bar_color"
                                        " -nf $bar_font_color"
                                        " -sb $bar_border"
                                        " -sf $bar_color",      0);
+
+        /* These are not verified for existence, even with a binding set. */
+       setconfspawn("screenshot_all",  "screenshot.sh full",   SWM_SPAWN_OPTIONAL);
+       setconfspawn("screenshot_wind", "screenshot.sh window", SWM_SPAWN_OPTIONAL);
+       setconfspawn("initscr",         "initscreen.sh",        SWM_SPAWN_OPTIONAL);
 }
 
 /* key bindings */
 #define SWM_MODNAME_SIZE       32
 #define        SWM_KEY_WS              "\n+ \t"
 int
-parsekeys(char *keystr, unsigned int currmod, unsigned int *mod, KeySym *ks)
+parsekeys(const char *keystr, unsigned int currmod, unsigned int *mod, KeySym *ks)
 {
-       char                    *cp, *name;
+       char                    *str, *cp, *name;
        KeySym                  uks;
+
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "parsekeys: enter [%s]\n", keystr);
        if (mod == NULL || ks == NULL) {
                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "parsekeys: no mod or key vars\n");
@@ -5912,7 +6497,10 @@ parsekeys(char *keystr, unsigned int currmod, unsigned int *mod, KeySym *ks)
                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "parsekeys: no keystr\n");
                return (1);
        }
-       cp = keystr;
+
+       if ((cp = str = strdup(keystr)) == NULL)
+               err(1, "parsekeys: strdup");
+
        *ks = XCB_NO_SYMBOL;
        *mod = 0;
        while ((name = strsep(&cp, SWM_KEY_WS)) != NULL) {
@@ -5921,13 +6509,13 @@ parsekeys(char *keystr, unsigned int currmod, unsigned int *mod, KeySym *ks)
                        cp += (long)strspn(cp, SWM_KEY_WS);
                if (strncasecmp(name, "MOD", SWM_MODNAME_SIZE) == 0)
                        *mod |= currmod;
-               else if (!strncasecmp(name, "Mod1", SWM_MODNAME_SIZE))
+               else if (strncasecmp(name, "Mod1", SWM_MODNAME_SIZE) == 0)
                        *mod |= XCB_MOD_MASK_1;
-               else if (!strncasecmp(name, "Mod2", SWM_MODNAME_SIZE))
+               else if (strncasecmp(name, "Mod2", SWM_MODNAME_SIZE) == 0)
                        *mod += XCB_MOD_MASK_2;
-               else if (!strncmp(name, "Mod3", SWM_MODNAME_SIZE))
+               else if (strncmp(name, "Mod3", SWM_MODNAME_SIZE) == 0)
                        *mod |= XCB_MOD_MASK_3;
-               else if (!strncmp(name, "Mod4", SWM_MODNAME_SIZE))
+               else if (strncmp(name, "Mod4", SWM_MODNAME_SIZE) == 0)
                        *mod |= XCB_MOD_MASK_4;
                else if (strncasecmp(name, "SHIFT", SWM_MODNAME_SIZE) == 0)
                        *mod |= XCB_MOD_MASK_SHIFT;
@@ -5940,10 +6528,13 @@ parsekeys(char *keystr, unsigned int currmod, unsigned int *mod, KeySym *ks)
                                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY,
                                    "parsekeys: invalid key %s\n",
                                    name);
+                               free(str);
                                return (1);
                        }
                }
        }
+
+       free(str);
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "parsekeys: leave ok\n");
        return (0);
 }
@@ -6042,7 +6633,7 @@ setkeybinding(unsigned int mod, KeySym ks, enum keyfuncid kfid,
 }
 
 int
-setconfbinding(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
+setconfbinding(const char *selector, const char *value, int flags)
 {
        enum keyfuncid          kfid;
        unsigned int            mod;
@@ -6052,8 +6643,9 @@ setconfbinding(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
        /* suppress unused warning since var is needed */
        (void)flags;
 
-       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "setconfbinding: enter\n");
-       if (selector == NULL) {
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "setconfbinding: enter selector: [%s], "
+           "value: [%s]\n", selector, value);
+       if (selector == NULL || strlen(selector) == 0) {
                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "setconfbinding: unbind %s\n", value);
                if (parsekeys(value, mod_key, &mod, &ks) == 0) {
                        kfid = KF_INVALID;
@@ -6066,8 +6658,8 @@ setconfbinding(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
        for (kfid = 0; kfid < KF_INVALID; (kfid)++) {
                if (strncasecmp(selector, keyfuncs[kfid].name,
                    SWM_FUNCNAME_LEN) == 0) {
-                       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "setconfbinding: %s: match\n",
-                           selector);
+                       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "setconfbinding: %s: match "
+                           "keyfunc\n", selector);
                        if (parsekeys(value, mod_key, &mod, &ks) == 0) {
                                setkeybinding(mod, ks, kfid, NULL);
                                return (0);
@@ -6076,17 +6668,15 @@ setconfbinding(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
                }
        }
        /* search by custom spawn name */
-       TAILQ_FOREACH(sp, &spawns, entry) {
-               if (strcasecmp(selector, sp->name) == 0) {
-                       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "setconfbinding: %s: match\n",
-                           selector);
-                       if (parsekeys(value, mod_key, &mod, &ks) == 0) {
-                               setkeybinding(mod, ks, KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,
-                                   sp->name);
-                               return (0);
-                       } else
-                               return (1);
-               }
+       if ((sp = spawn_find(selector)) != NULL) {
+               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "setconfbinding: %s: match "
+                   "spawn\n", selector);
+               if (parsekeys(value, mod_key, &mod, &ks) == 0) {
+                       setkeybinding(mod, ks, KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,
+                           sp->name);
+                       return (0);
+               } else
+                       return (1);
        }
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "setconfbinding: no match\n");
        return (1);
@@ -6096,25 +6686,95 @@ void
 setup_keys(void)
 {
 #define MODKEY_SHIFT   MODKEY | XCB_MOD_MASK_SHIFT
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_b,           KF_BAR_TOGGLE,  NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_b,           KF_BAR_TOGGLE_WS,NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_v,           KF_BUTTON2,     NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_space,       KF_CYCLE_LAYOUT,NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_backslash,   KF_FLIP_LAYOUT, NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_space,       KF_STACK_RESET, NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_t,           KF_FLOAT_TOGGLE,NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_m,           KF_FOCUS_MAIN,  NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_j,           KF_FOCUS_NEXT,  NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_Tab,         KF_FOCUS_NEXT,  NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_k,           KF_FOCUS_PREV,  NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_Tab,         KF_FOCUS_PREV,  NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_u,           KF_FOCUS_URGENT,NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_equal,       KF_HEIGHT_GROW,NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_minus,       KF_HEIGHT_SHRINK,NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_w,           KF_ICONIFY,     NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_h,           KF_MASTER_SHRINK, NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_l,           KF_MASTER_GROW, NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_comma,       KF_MASTER_ADD,  NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_period,      KF_MASTER_DEL,  NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_bracketright,KF_MOVE_DOWN,NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_bracketleft, KF_MOVE_LEFT,NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_bracketright,KF_MOVE_RIGHT,NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_bracketleft, KF_MOVE_UP,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_KP_End,      KF_MVRG_1,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_KP_Down,     KF_MVRG_2,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_KP_Next,     KF_MVRG_3,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_KP_Left,     KF_MVRG_4,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_KP_Begin,    KF_MVRG_5,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_KP_Right,    KF_MVRG_6,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_KP_Home,     KF_MVRG_7,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_KP_Up,       KF_MVRG_8,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_KP_Prior,    KF_MVRG_9,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_1,           KF_MVWS_1,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_2,           KF_MVWS_2,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_3,           KF_MVWS_3,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_4,           KF_MVWS_4,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_5,           KF_MVWS_5,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_6,           KF_MVWS_6,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_7,           KF_MVWS_7,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_8,           KF_MVWS_8,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_9,           KF_MVWS_9,      NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_0,           KF_MVWS_10,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F1,          KF_MVWS_11,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F2,          KF_MVWS_12,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F3,          KF_MVWS_13,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F4,          KF_MVWS_14,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F5,          KF_MVWS_15,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F6,          KF_MVWS_16,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F7,          KF_MVWS_17,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F8,          KF_MVWS_18,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F9,          KF_MVWS_19,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F10,         KF_MVWS_20,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F11,         KF_MVWS_21,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F12,         KF_MVWS_22,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_slash,       KF_NAME_WORKSPACE,NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_q,           KF_QUIT,        NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_r,           KF_RAISE_TOGGLE,NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_q,           KF_RESTART,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_KP_End,      KF_RG_1,        NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_KP_Down,     KF_RG_2,        NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_KP_Next,     KF_RG_3,        NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_KP_Left,     KF_RG_4,        NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_KP_Begin,    KF_RG_5,        NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_KP_Right,    KF_RG_6,        NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_KP_Home,     KF_RG_7,        NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_KP_Up,       KF_RG_8,        NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_KP_Prior,    KF_RG_9,        NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_Right,       KF_RG_NEXT,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_Left,        KF_RG_PREV,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_f,           KF_SEARCH_WIN,  NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_slash,       KF_SEARCH_WORKSPACE,NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_i,           KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,"initscr");
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_Delete,      KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,"lock");
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_p,           KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,"menu");
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_s,           KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,"screenshot_all");
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_s,           KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,"screenshot_wind");
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_Return,      KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,"term");
        setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_comma,       KF_STACK_INC,   NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_period,      KF_STACK_DEC,   NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_space,       KF_STACK_RESET, NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_Return,      KF_SWAP_MAIN,   NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_j,           KF_FOCUS_NEXT,  NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_k,           KF_FOCUS_PREV,  NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_j,           KF_SWAP_NEXT,   NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_k,           KF_SWAP_PREV,   NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_Return,      KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,"term");
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_p,           KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,"menu");
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_q,           KF_QUIT,        NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_q,           KF_RESTART,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_m,           KF_FOCUS_MAIN,  NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_w,           KF_UNICONIFY,   NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_v,           KF_VERSION,     NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_equal,       KF_WIDTH_GROW,  NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_minus,       KF_WIDTH_SHRINK,NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_x,           KF_WIND_DEL,    NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_x,           KF_WIND_KILL,   NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_1,           KF_WS_1,        NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_2,           KF_WS_2,        NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_3,           KF_WS_3,        NULL);
@@ -6141,58 +6801,9 @@ setup_keys(void)
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_Left,        KF_WS_PREV,     NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_Up,          KF_WS_NEXT_ALL, NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_Down,        KF_WS_PREV_ALL, NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_Up,          KF_WS_NEXT_MOVE,NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_Down,        KF_WS_PREV_MOVE,NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_a,           KF_WS_PRIOR,    NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_Right,       KF_SCREEN_NEXT, NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_Left,        KF_SCREEN_PREV, NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_1,           KF_MVWS_1,      NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_2,           KF_MVWS_2,      NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_3,           KF_MVWS_3,      NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_4,           KF_MVWS_4,      NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_5,           KF_MVWS_5,      NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_6,           KF_MVWS_6,      NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_7,           KF_MVWS_7,      NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_8,           KF_MVWS_8,      NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_9,           KF_MVWS_9,      NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_0,           KF_MVWS_10,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F1,          KF_MVWS_11,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F2,          KF_MVWS_12,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F3,          KF_MVWS_13,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F4,          KF_MVWS_14,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F5,          KF_MVWS_15,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F6,          KF_MVWS_16,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F7,          KF_MVWS_17,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F8,          KF_MVWS_18,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F9,          KF_MVWS_19,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F10,         KF_MVWS_20,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F11,         KF_MVWS_21,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_F12,         KF_MVWS_22,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_b,           KF_BAR_TOGGLE,  NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_b,           KF_BAR_TOGGLE_WS,NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_Tab,         KF_FOCUS_NEXT,  NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_Tab,         KF_FOCUS_PREV,  NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_x,           KF_WIND_KILL,   NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_x,           KF_WIND_DEL,    NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_s,           KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,"screenshot_all");
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_s,           KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,"screenshot_wind");
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_t,           KF_FLOAT_TOGGLE,NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_v,           KF_VERSION,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_Delete,      KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,"lock");
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_i,           KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,"initscr");
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_w,           KF_ICONIFY,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_w,           KF_UNICONIFY,   NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_r,           KF_RAISE_TOGGLE,NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_v,           KF_BUTTON2,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_equal,       KF_WIDTH_GROW,  NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_minus,       KF_WIDTH_SHRINK,NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_equal,       KF_HEIGHT_GROW,NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_minus,       KF_HEIGHT_SHRINK,NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_bracketleft, KF_MOVE_LEFT,NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_bracketright,KF_MOVE_RIGHT,NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_bracketleft, KF_MOVE_UP,     NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_bracketright,KF_MOVE_DOWN,NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_slash,       KF_NAME_WORKSPACE,NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_slash,       KF_SEARCH_WORKSPACE,NULL);
-       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_f,           KF_SEARCH_WIN,  NULL);
 #ifdef SWM_DEBUG
        setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_d,           KF_DUMPWINS,    NULL);
 #endif
@@ -6211,26 +6822,27 @@ clear_keys(void)
 }
 
 int
-setkeymapping(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
+setkeymapping(const char *selector, const char *value, int flags)
 {
-       char                    keymapping_file[PATH_MAX];
+       char                    *keymapping_file;
 
        /* suppress unused warnings since vars are needed */
        (void)selector;
        (void)flags;
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "setkeymapping: enter\n");
-       if (value[0] == '~')
-               snprintf(keymapping_file, sizeof keymapping_file, "%s/%s",
-                   pwd->pw_dir, &value[1]);
-       else
-               strlcpy(keymapping_file, value, sizeof keymapping_file);
+
+       keymapping_file = expand_tilde(value);
+
        clear_keys();
        /* load new key bindings; if it fails, revert to default bindings */
        if (conf_load(keymapping_file, SWM_CONF_KEYMAPPING)) {
                clear_keys();
                setup_keys();
        }
+
+       free(keymapping_file);
+
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "setkeymapping: leave\n");
        return (0);
 }
@@ -6255,9 +6867,11 @@ updatenumlockmask(void)
                                    + j];
                                keycode = xcb_key_symbols_get_keycode(syms,
                                                XK_Num_Lock);
-                               if (kc == *keycode)
-                                       numlockmask = (1 << i);
-                               free(keycode);
+                               if (keycode) {
+                                       if (kc == *keycode)
+                                               numlockmask = (1 << i);
+                                       free(keycode);
+                               }
                        }
                }
                free(modmap_r);
@@ -6281,13 +6895,23 @@ grabkeys(void)
        modifiers[2] = XCB_MOD_MASK_LOCK;
        modifiers[3] = numlockmask | XCB_MOD_MASK_LOCK;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (k = 0; k < num_screens; k++) {
                if (TAILQ_EMPTY(&screens[k].rl))
                        continue;
                xcb_ungrab_key(conn, XCB_GRAB_ANY, screens[k].root,
                        XCB_MOD_MASK_ANY);
                RB_FOREACH(kp, key_tree, &keys) {
+                       /* Skip unused ws binds. */
+                       if ((int)kp->funcid > KF_WS_1 + workspace_limit - 1 &&
+                           kp->funcid <= KF_WS_22)
+                               continue;
+
+                       /* Skip unused mvws binds. */
+                       if ((int)kp->funcid > KF_MVWS_1 + workspace_limit - 1 &&
+                           kp->funcid <= KF_MVWS_22)
+                               continue;
+
                        if ((code = xcb_key_symbols_get_keycode(syms,
                                        kp->keysym))) {
                                for (j = 0; j < LENGTH(modifiers); j++)
@@ -6334,30 +6958,37 @@ const char *quirkname[] = {
        "XTERM_FONTADJ",
        "FULLSCREEN",
        "FOCUSPREV",
+       "NOFOCUSONMAP",
+       "FOCUSONMAP_SINGLE",
 };
 
 /* SWM_Q_WS: retain '|' for back compat for now (2009-08-11) */
 #define        SWM_Q_WS                "\n|+ \t"
 int
-parsequirks(char *qstr, unsigned long *quirk)
+parsequirks(const char *qstr, unsigned long *quirk)
 {
-       char                    *cp, *name;
+       char                    *str, *cp, *name;
        int                     i;
 
-       if (quirk == NULL)
+       if (quirk == NULL || qstr == NULL)
                return (1);
 
-       cp = qstr;
+       if ((str = strdup(qstr)) == NULL)
+               err(1, "parsequirks: strdup");
+
+       cp = str;
        *quirk = 0;
        while ((name = strsep(&cp, SWM_Q_WS)) != NULL) {
                if (cp)
                        cp += (long)strspn(cp, SWM_Q_WS);
                for (i = 0; i < LENGTH(quirkname); i++) {
-                       if (!strncasecmp(name, quirkname[i], SWM_QUIRK_LEN)) {
+                       if (strncasecmp(name, quirkname[i],
+                           SWM_QUIRK_LEN) == 0) {
                                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_QUIRK,
                                    "parsequirks: %s\n", name);
                                if (i == 0) {
                                        *quirk = 0;
+                                       free(str);
                                        return (0);
                                }
                                *quirk |= 1 << (i-1);
@@ -6367,30 +6998,73 @@ parsequirks(char *qstr, unsigned long *quirk)
                if (i >= LENGTH(quirkname)) {
                        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_QUIRK,
                            "parsequirks: invalid quirk [%s]\n", name);
+                       free(str);
                        return (1);
                }
        }
+
+       free(str);
        return (0);
 }
 
 void
-quirk_insert(const char *class, const char *name, unsigned long quirk)
+quirk_insert(const char *class, const char *instance, const char *name,
+    unsigned long quirk)
 {
        struct quirk            *qp;
+       int                     failed = 0;
+       char                    *str;
 
-       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_QUIRK, "quirk_insert: %s:%s [%lu]\n", class, name,
-           quirk);
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_QUIRK, "quirk_insert: class: %s, instance: %s, name: %s,"
+           " value: %lu\n", class, instance, name, quirk);
 
        if ((qp = malloc(sizeof *qp)) == NULL)
                err(1, "quirk_insert: malloc");
+
        if ((qp->class = strdup(class)) == NULL)
                err(1, "quirk_insert: strdup");
+       if ((qp->instance = strdup(instance)) == NULL)
+               err(1, "quirk_insert: strdup");
        if ((qp->name = strdup(name)) == NULL)
                err(1, "quirk_insert: strdup");
 
-       qp->quirk = quirk;
-       TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&quirks, qp, entry);
-
+       if (asprintf(&str, "^%s$", class) == -1)
+               err(1, "quirk_insert: asprintf");
+       if (regcomp(&qp->regex_class, str, REG_EXTENDED | REG_NOSUB)) {
+               add_startup_exception("regex failed to compile quirk 'class' "
+                   "field: %s", class);
+               failed = 1;
+       }
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_QUIRK, "quirk_insert: compiled: %s\n", str);
+       free(str);
+
+       if (asprintf(&str, "^%s$", instance) == -1)
+               err(1, "quirk_insert: asprintf");
+       if (regcomp(&qp->regex_instance, str, REG_EXTENDED | REG_NOSUB)) {
+               add_startup_exception("regex failed to compile quirk 'instance'"
+                   " field: %s", instance);
+               failed = 1;
+       }
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_QUIRK, "quirk_insert: compiled: %s\n", str);
+       free(str);
+
+       if (asprintf(&str, "^%s$", name) == -1)
+               err(1, "quirk_insert: asprintf");
+       if (regcomp(&qp->regex_name, str, REG_EXTENDED | REG_NOSUB)) {
+               add_startup_exception("regex failed to compile quirk 'name' "
+                   "field: %s", name);
+               failed = 1;
+       }
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_QUIRK, "quirk_insert: compiled: %s\n", str);
+       free(str);
+
+       if (failed) {
+               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_QUIRK, "quirk_insert: regex error; skipping.\n");
+               quirk_free(qp);
+       } else {
+               qp->quirk = quirk;
+               TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&quirks, qp, entry);
+       }
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_QUIRK, "quirk_insert: leave\n");
 }
 
@@ -6401,91 +7075,154 @@ quirk_remove(struct quirk *qp)
            qp->name, qp->quirk);
 
        TAILQ_REMOVE(&quirks, qp, entry);
+       quirk_free(qp);
+
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_QUIRK, "quirk_remove: leave\n");
+}
+
+void
+quirk_free(struct quirk *qp)
+{
+       regfree(&qp->regex_class);
+       regfree(&qp->regex_instance);
+       regfree(&qp->regex_name);
        free(qp->class);
+       free(qp->instance);
        free(qp->name);
        free(qp);
-
-       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_QUIRK, "quirk_remove: leave\n");
 }
 
 void
-quirk_replace(struct quirk *qp, const char *class, const char *name,
-    unsigned long quirk)
+quirk_replace(struct quirk *qp, const char *class, const char *instance,
+    const char *name, unsigned long quirk)
 {
-       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_QUIRK, "quirk_replace: %s:%s [%lu]\n", qp->class,
-           qp->name, qp->quirk);
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_QUIRK, "quirk_replace: %s:%s:%s [%lu]\n", qp->class,
+           qp->instance, qp->name, qp->quirk);
 
        quirk_remove(qp);
-       quirk_insert(class, name, quirk);
+       quirk_insert(class, instance, name, quirk);
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_QUIRK, "quirk_replace: leave\n");
 }
 
 void
-setquirk(const char *class, const char *name, unsigned long quirk)
+setquirk(const char *class, const char *instance, const char *name,
+    unsigned long quirk)
 {
        struct quirk            *qp;
 
-       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_QUIRK, "setquirk: enter %s:%s [%lu]\n", class, name,
-          quirk);
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_QUIRK, "setquirk: enter %s:%s:%s [%lu]\n", class,
+           instance, name, quirk);
 
        /* Remove/replace existing quirk. */
        TAILQ_FOREACH(qp, &quirks, entry) {
-               if (!strcmp(qp->class, class) && !strcmp(qp->name, name)) {
-                       if (!quirk)
+               if (strcmp(qp->class, class) == 0 &&
+                   strcmp(qp->instance, instance) == 0 &&
+                   strcmp(qp->name, name) == 0) {
+                       if (quirk == 0)
                                quirk_remove(qp);
                        else
-                               quirk_replace(qp, class, name, quirk);
+                               quirk_replace(qp, class, instance, name, quirk);
                        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_QUIRK, "setquirk: leave\n");
                        return;
                }
        }
 
-       /* Only insert if quirk is not NONE. */
-       if (quirk)
-               quirk_insert(class, name, quirk);
+       /* Only insert if quirk is not NONE. */
+       if (quirk)
+               quirk_insert(class, instance, name, quirk);
+
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_QUIRK, "setquirk: leave\n");
+}
+
+/* Eat '\' in str used to escape square brackets and colon. */
+void
+unescape_selector(char *str)
+{
+       char *cp;
+
+       for (cp = str; *str != '\0'; ++str, ++cp) {
+               if (*str == '\\' && (*(str + 1) == ':' || *(str + 1) == ']' ||
+                   *(str + 1) == '['))
+                       ++str;
 
-       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_QUIRK, "setquirk: leave\n");
+               *cp = *str;
+       }
+       *cp = '\0';
 }
 
 int
-setconfquirk(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
+setconfquirk(const char *selector, const char *value, int flags)
 {
-       char                    *cp, *class, *name;
-       int                     retval;
+       char                    *str, *cp, *class;
+       char                    *instance = NULL, *name = NULL;
+       int                     retval, count = 0;
        unsigned long           qrks;
 
        /* suppress unused warning since var is needed */
        (void)flags;
 
-       if (selector == NULL)
+       if (selector == NULL || strlen(selector) == 0)
                return (0);
-       if ((cp = strchr(selector, ':')) == NULL)
-               return (0);
-       *cp = '\0';
-       class = selector;
-       name = cp + 1;
+
+       if ((str = strdup(selector)) == NULL)
+               err(1, "setconfquirk: strdup");
+
+       /* Find non-escaped colon. */
+       class = cp = str;
+       if (*cp == ':') {
+               *cp = '\0';
+               ++count;
+       }
+
+       for (++cp; *cp != '\0'; ++cp) {
+               if (*cp == ':' && *(cp - 1) != '\\') {
+                       *cp = '\0';
+                       ++count;
+               }
+       }
+
+       unescape_selector(class);
+       if (count) {
+               instance = class + strlen(class) + 1;
+               unescape_selector(instance);
+       } else {
+               instance = ".*";
+       }
+
+       if (count > 1) {
+               name = instance + strlen(instance) + 1;
+               unescape_selector(name);
+       } else {
+               name = ".*";
+       }
+
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_CONF, "setconfquirk: class: %s, instance: %s, "
+           "name: %s\n", class, instance, name);
+
        if ((retval = parsequirks(value, &qrks)) == 0)
-               setquirk(class, name, qrks);
+               setquirk(class, instance, name, qrks);
+
+       free(str);
        return (retval);
 }
 
 void
 setup_quirks(void)
 {
-       setquirk("MPlayer",             "xv",           SWM_Q_FLOAT | SWM_Q_FULLSCREEN | SWM_Q_FOCUSPREV);
-       setquirk("OpenOffice.org 3.2",  "VCLSalFrame",  SWM_Q_FLOAT);
-       setquirk("Firefox-bin",         "firefox-bin",  SWM_Q_TRANSSZ);
-       setquirk("Firefox",             "Dialog",       SWM_Q_FLOAT);
-       setquirk("Gimp",                "gimp",         SWM_Q_FLOAT | SWM_Q_ANYWHERE);
-       setquirk("XTerm",               "xterm",        SWM_Q_XTERM_FONTADJ);
-       setquirk("xine",                "Xine Window",  SWM_Q_FLOAT | SWM_Q_ANYWHERE);
-       setquirk("Xitk",                "Xitk Combo",   SWM_Q_FLOAT | SWM_Q_ANYWHERE);
-       setquirk("xine",                "xine Panel",   SWM_Q_FLOAT | SWM_Q_ANYWHERE);
-       setquirk("Xitk",                "Xine Window",  SWM_Q_FLOAT | SWM_Q_ANYWHERE);
-       setquirk("xine",                "xine Video Fullscreen Window", SWM_Q_FULLSCREEN | SWM_Q_FLOAT);
-       setquirk("pcb",                 "pcb",          SWM_Q_FLOAT);
-       setquirk("SDL_App",             "SDL_App",      SWM_Q_FLOAT | SWM_Q_FULLSCREEN);
+       setquirk("MPlayer",             "xv",           ".*",   SWM_Q_FLOAT | SWM_Q_FULLSCREEN | SWM_Q_FOCUSPREV);
+       setquirk("OpenOffice.org 3.2",  "VCLSalFrame",  ".*",   SWM_Q_FLOAT);
+       setquirk("Firefox-bin",         "firefox-bin",  ".*",   SWM_Q_TRANSSZ);
+       setquirk("Firefox",             "Dialog",       ".*",   SWM_Q_FLOAT);
+       setquirk("Gimp",                "gimp",         ".*",   SWM_Q_FLOAT | SWM_Q_ANYWHERE);
+       setquirk("XTerm",               "xterm",        ".*",   SWM_Q_XTERM_FONTADJ);
+       setquirk("xine",                "Xine Window",  ".*",   SWM_Q_FLOAT | SWM_Q_ANYWHERE);
+       setquirk("Xitk",                "Xitk Combo",   ".*",   SWM_Q_FLOAT | SWM_Q_ANYWHERE);
+       setquirk("xine",                "xine Panel",   ".*",   SWM_Q_FLOAT | SWM_Q_ANYWHERE);
+       setquirk("Xitk",                "Xine Window",  ".*",   SWM_Q_FLOAT | SWM_Q_ANYWHERE);
+       setquirk("xine",                "xine Video Fullscreen Window", ".*",   SWM_Q_FULLSCREEN | SWM_Q_FLOAT);
+       setquirk("pcb",                 "pcb",          ".*",   SWM_Q_FLOAT);
+       setquirk("SDL_App",             "SDL_App",      ".*",   SWM_Q_FLOAT | SWM_Q_FULLSCREEN);
 }
 
 /* conf file stuff */
@@ -6503,6 +7240,7 @@ enum {
        SWM_S_BAR_FORMAT,
        SWM_S_BAR_JUSTIFY,
        SWM_S_BORDER_WIDTH,
+       SWM_S_BOUNDARY_WIDTH,
        SWM_S_CLOCK_ENABLED,
        SWM_S_CLOCK_FORMAT,
        SWM_S_CYCLE_EMPTY,
@@ -6513,29 +7251,29 @@ enum {
        SWM_S_FOCUS_CLOSE_WRAP,
        SWM_S_FOCUS_DEFAULT,
        SWM_S_FOCUS_MODE,
+       SWM_S_ICONIC_ENABLED,
+       SWM_S_REGION_PADDING,
        SWM_S_SPAWN_ORDER,
        SWM_S_SPAWN_TERM,
        SWM_S_SS_APP,
        SWM_S_SS_ENABLED,
        SWM_S_STACK_ENABLED,
        SWM_S_TERM_WIDTH,
-       SWM_S_TITLE_CLASS_ENABLED,
-       SWM_S_TITLE_NAME_ENABLED,
+       SWM_S_TILE_GAP,
        SWM_S_URGENT_ENABLED,
        SWM_S_VERBOSE_LAYOUT,
+       SWM_S_WINDOW_CLASS_ENABLED,
+       SWM_S_WINDOW_INSTANCE_ENABLED,
        SWM_S_WINDOW_NAME_ENABLED,
        SWM_S_WORKSPACE_LIMIT
 };
 
 int
-setconfvalue(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
+setconfvalue(const char *selector, const char *value, int flags)
 {
        struct workspace        *ws;
        int                     i, ws_id, num_screens;
-       char                    *b;
-
-       /* suppress unused warning since var is needed */
-       (void)selector;
+       char                    *b, *str;
 
        switch (flags) {
        case SWM_S_BAR_ACTION:
@@ -6563,7 +7301,7 @@ setconfvalue(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
                        errx(1, "setconfvalue: bar_enabled_ws: invalid "
                            "workspace %d.", ws_id + 1);
 
-               num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+               num_screens = get_screen_count();
                for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
                        ws = (struct workspace *)&screens[i].ws;
                        ws[ws_id].bar_enabled = atoi(value);
@@ -6580,8 +7318,11 @@ setconfvalue(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
                if (!bar_font_legacy)
                        break;
 
+               if ((str = strdup(value)) == NULL)
+                       err(1, "setconfvalue: strdup");
+
                /* If there are any non-XLFD entries, switch to Xft mode. */
-               while ((b = strsep(&value, ",")) != NULL) {
+               while ((b = strsep(&str, ",")) != NULL) {
                        if (*b == '\0')
                                continue;
                        if (!isxlfd(b)) {
@@ -6589,6 +7330,8 @@ setconfvalue(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
                                break;
                        }
                }
+
+               free(str);
                break;
        case SWM_S_BAR_FORMAT:
                free(bar_format);
@@ -6596,11 +7339,11 @@ setconfvalue(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
                        err(1, "setconfvalue: bar_format");
                break;
        case SWM_S_BAR_JUSTIFY:
-               if (!strcmp(value, "left"))
+               if (strcmp(value, "left") == 0)
                        bar_justify = SWM_BAR_JUSTIFY_LEFT;
-               else if (!strcmp(value, "center"))
+               else if (strcmp(value, "center") == 0)
                        bar_justify = SWM_BAR_JUSTIFY_CENTER;
-               else if (!strcmp(value, "right"))
+               else if (strcmp(value, "right") == 0)
                        bar_justify = SWM_BAR_JUSTIFY_RIGHT;
                else
                        errx(1, "invalid bar_justify");
@@ -6610,6 +7353,11 @@ setconfvalue(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
                if (border_width < 0)
                        border_width = 0;
                break;
+       case SWM_S_BOUNDARY_WIDTH:
+               boundary_width = atoi(value);
+               if (boundary_width < 0)
+                       boundary_width = 0;
+               break;
        case SWM_S_CLOCK_ENABLED:
                clock_enabled = atoi(value);
                break;
@@ -6635,13 +7383,13 @@ setconfvalue(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
                disable_border = atoi(value);
                break;
        case SWM_S_FOCUS_CLOSE:
-               if (!strcmp(value, "first"))
+               if (strcmp(value, "first") == 0)
                        focus_close = SWM_STACK_BOTTOM;
-               else if (!strcmp(value, "last"))
+               else if (strcmp(value, "last") == 0)
                        focus_close = SWM_STACK_TOP;
-               else if (!strcmp(value, "next"))
+               else if (strcmp(value, "next") == 0)
                        focus_close = SWM_STACK_ABOVE;
-               else if (!strcmp(value, "previous"))
+               else if (strcmp(value, "previous") == 0)
                        focus_close = SWM_STACK_BELOW;
                else
                        errx(1, "focus_close");
@@ -6650,32 +7398,40 @@ setconfvalue(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
                focus_close_wrap = atoi(value);
                break;
        case SWM_S_FOCUS_DEFAULT:
-               if (!strcmp(value, "last"))
+               if (strcmp(value, "last") == 0)
                        focus_default = SWM_STACK_TOP;
-               else if (!strcmp(value, "first"))
+               else if (strcmp(value, "first") == 0)
                        focus_default = SWM_STACK_BOTTOM;
                else
                        errx(1, "focus_default");
                break;
        case SWM_S_FOCUS_MODE:
-               if (!strcmp(value, "default"))
+               if (strcmp(value, "default") == 0)
                        focus_mode = SWM_FOCUS_DEFAULT;
-               else if (!strcmp(value, "follow") ||
-                   !strcmp(value, "follow_cursor"))
+               else if (strcmp(value, "follow") == 0 ||
+                   strcmp(value, "follow_cursor") == 0)
                        focus_mode = SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW;
-               else if (!strcmp(value, "manual"))
+               else if (strcmp(value, "manual") == 0)
                        focus_mode = SWM_FOCUS_MANUAL;
                else
                        errx(1, "focus_mode");
                break;
+       case SWM_S_ICONIC_ENABLED:
+               iconic_enabled = atoi(value);
+               break;
+       case SWM_S_REGION_PADDING:
+               region_padding = atoi(value);
+               if (region_padding < 0)
+                       region_padding = 0;
+               break;
        case SWM_S_SPAWN_ORDER:
-               if (!strcmp(value, "first"))
+               if (strcmp(value, "first") == 0)
                        spawn_position = SWM_STACK_BOTTOM;
-               else if (!strcmp(value, "last"))
+               else if (strcmp(value, "last") == 0)
                        spawn_position = SWM_STACK_TOP;
-               else if (!strcmp(value, "next"))
+               else if (strcmp(value, "next") == 0)
                        spawn_position = SWM_STACK_ABOVE;
-               else if (!strcmp(value, "previous"))
+               else if (strcmp(value, "previous") == 0)
                        spawn_position = SWM_STACK_BELOW;
                else
                        errx(1, "spawn_position");
@@ -6698,11 +7454,8 @@ setconfvalue(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
                if (term_width < 0)
                        term_width = 0;
                break;
-       case SWM_S_TITLE_CLASS_ENABLED:
-               title_class_enabled = atoi(value);
-               break;
-       case SWM_S_TITLE_NAME_ENABLED:
-               title_name_enabled = atoi(value);
+       case SWM_S_TILE_GAP:
+               tile_gap = atoi(value);
                break;
        case SWM_S_URGENT_ENABLED:
                urgent_enabled = atoi(value);
@@ -6716,6 +7469,12 @@ setconfvalue(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
                                layouts[i].l_string = plain_stacker;
                }
                break;
+       case SWM_S_WINDOW_CLASS_ENABLED:
+               window_class_enabled = atoi(value);
+               break;
+       case SWM_S_WINDOW_INSTANCE_ENABLED:
+               window_instance_enabled = atoi(value);
+               break;
        case SWM_S_WINDOW_NAME_ENABLED:
                window_name_enabled = atoi(value);
                break;
@@ -6733,19 +7492,19 @@ setconfvalue(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
 }
 
 int
-setconfmodkey(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
+setconfmodkey(const char *selector, const char *value, int flags)
 {
        /* suppress unused warnings since vars are needed */
        (void)selector;
        (void)flags;
 
-       if (!strncasecmp(value, "Mod1", strlen("Mod1")))
+       if (strncasecmp(value, "Mod1", strlen("Mod1")) == 0)
                update_modkey(XCB_MOD_MASK_1);
-       else if (!strncasecmp(value, "Mod2", strlen("Mod2")))
+       else if (strncasecmp(value, "Mod2", strlen("Mod2")) == 0)
                update_modkey(XCB_MOD_MASK_2);
-       else if (!strncasecmp(value, "Mod3", strlen("Mod3")))
+       else if (strncasecmp(value, "Mod3", strlen("Mod3")) == 0)
                update_modkey(XCB_MOD_MASK_3);
-       else if (!strncasecmp(value, "Mod4", strlen("Mod4")))
+       else if (strncasecmp(value, "Mod4", strlen("Mod4")) == 0)
                update_modkey(XCB_MOD_MASK_4);
        else
                return (1);
@@ -6753,14 +7512,16 @@ setconfmodkey(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
 }
 
 int
-setconfcolor(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
+setconfcolor(const char *selector, const char *value, int flags)
 {
-       setscreencolor(value, ((selector == NULL)?-1:atoi(selector)), flags);
+       setscreencolor(value,
+           (selector == NULL || strlen(selector) == 0) ? -1 : atoi(selector),
+           flags);
        return (0);
 }
 
 int
-setconfregion(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
+setconfregion(const char *selector, const char *value, int flags)
 {
        /* suppress unused warnings since vars are needed */
        (void)selector;
@@ -6771,7 +7532,7 @@ setconfregion(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
 }
 
 int
-setautorun(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
+setautorun(const char *selector, const char *value, int flags)
 {
        int                     ws_id;
        char                    s[1024];
@@ -6843,7 +7604,7 @@ setautorun(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
 }
 
 int
-setlayout(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
+setlayout(const char *selector, const char *value, int flags)
 {
        int                     ws_id, i, x, mg, ma, si, ar, f = 0;
        int                     st = SWM_V_STACK, num_screens;
@@ -6867,24 +7628,24 @@ setlayout(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
        if (ws_id < 0 || ws_id >= workspace_limit)
                errx(1, "layout: invalid workspace %d", ws_id + 1);
 
-       if (!strcasecmp(s, "vertical"))
+       if (strcasecmp(s, "vertical") == 0)
                st = SWM_V_STACK;
-       else if (!strcasecmp(s, "vertical_flip")) {
+       else if (strcasecmp(s, "vertical_flip") == 0) {
                st = SWM_V_STACK;
                f = 1;
-       } else if (!strcasecmp(s, "horizontal"))
+       } else if (strcasecmp(s, "horizontal") == 0)
                st = SWM_H_STACK;
-       else if (!strcasecmp(s, "horizontal_flip")) {
+       else if (strcasecmp(s, "horizontal_flip") == 0) {
                st = SWM_H_STACK;
                f = 1;
-       } else if (!strcasecmp(s, "fullscreen"))
+       } else if (strcasecmp(s, "fullscreen") == 0)
                st = SWM_MAX_STACK;
        else
                errx(1, "invalid layout entry, should be 'ws[<idx>]:"
                    "<master_grow>:<master_add>:<stack_inc>:<always_raise>:"
                    "<type>'");
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
                ws = (struct workspace *)&screens[i].ws;
                ws[ws_id].cur_layout = &layouts[st];
@@ -6930,7 +7691,7 @@ setlayout(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
 /* config options */
 struct config_option {
        char                    *optname;
-       int                     (*func)(char*, char*, int);
+       int                     (*func)(const char*, const char*, int);
        int                     funcflags;
 };
 struct config_option configopt[] = {
@@ -6938,6 +7699,7 @@ struct config_option configopt[] = {
        { "bar_action",                 setconfvalue,   SWM_S_BAR_ACTION },
        { "bar_at_bottom",              setconfvalue,   SWM_S_BAR_AT_BOTTOM },
        { "bar_border",                 setconfcolor,   SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_BORDER },
+       { "bar_border_unfocus",         setconfcolor,   SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_BORDER_UNFOCUS },
        { "bar_border_width",           setconfvalue,   SWM_S_BAR_BORDER_WIDTH },
        { "bar_color",                  setconfcolor,   SWM_S_COLOR_BAR },
        { "bar_delay",                  setconfvalue,   SWM_S_BAR_DELAY },
@@ -6949,6 +7711,7 @@ struct config_option configopt[] = {
        { "bar_justify",                setconfvalue,   SWM_S_BAR_JUSTIFY },
        { "bind",                       setconfbinding, 0 },
        { "border_width",               setconfvalue,   SWM_S_BORDER_WIDTH },
+       { "boundary_width",             setconfvalue,   SWM_S_BOUNDARY_WIDTH },
        { "clock_enabled",              setconfvalue,   SWM_S_CLOCK_ENABLED },
        { "clock_format",               setconfvalue,   SWM_S_CLOCK_FORMAT },
        { "color_focus",                setconfcolor,   SWM_S_COLOR_FOCUS },
@@ -6961,33 +7724,63 @@ struct config_option configopt[] = {
        { "focus_close_wrap",           setconfvalue,   SWM_S_FOCUS_CLOSE_WRAP },
        { "focus_default",              setconfvalue,   SWM_S_FOCUS_DEFAULT },
        { "focus_mode",                 setconfvalue,   SWM_S_FOCUS_MODE },
+       { "iconic_enabled",             setconfvalue,   SWM_S_ICONIC_ENABLED },
        { "keyboard_mapping",           setkeymapping,  0 },
        { "layout",                     setlayout,      0 },
        { "modkey",                     setconfmodkey,  0 },
        { "program",                    setconfspawn,   0 },
        { "quirk",                      setconfquirk,   0 },
        { "region",                     setconfregion,  0 },
+       { "region_padding",             setconfvalue,   SWM_S_REGION_PADDING },
        { "screenshot_app",             setconfvalue,   SWM_S_SS_APP },
        { "screenshot_enabled",         setconfvalue,   SWM_S_SS_ENABLED },
        { "spawn_position",             setconfvalue,   SWM_S_SPAWN_ORDER },
        { "spawn_term",                 setconfvalue,   SWM_S_SPAWN_TERM },
        { "stack_enabled",              setconfvalue,   SWM_S_STACK_ENABLED },
        { "term_width",                 setconfvalue,   SWM_S_TERM_WIDTH },
-       { "title_class_enabled",        setconfvalue,   SWM_S_TITLE_CLASS_ENABLED },
-       { "title_name_enabled",         setconfvalue,   SWM_S_TITLE_NAME_ENABLED },
+       { "tile_gap",                   setconfvalue,   SWM_S_TILE_GAP },
+       { "title_class_enabled",        setconfvalue,   SWM_S_WINDOW_CLASS_ENABLED }, /* For backwards compat. */
+       { "title_name_enabled",         setconfvalue,   SWM_S_WINDOW_INSTANCE_ENABLED }, /* For backwards compat. */
        { "urgent_enabled",             setconfvalue,   SWM_S_URGENT_ENABLED },
        { "verbose_layout",             setconfvalue,   SWM_S_VERBOSE_LAYOUT },
+       { "window_class_enabled",       setconfvalue,   SWM_S_WINDOW_CLASS_ENABLED },
+       { "window_instance_enabled",    setconfvalue,   SWM_S_WINDOW_INSTANCE_ENABLED },
        { "window_name_enabled",        setconfvalue,   SWM_S_WINDOW_NAME_ENABLED },
        { "workspace_limit",            setconfvalue,   SWM_S_WORKSPACE_LIMIT },
 };
 
+void
+_add_startup_exception(const char *fmt, va_list ap)
+{
+       if (vasprintf(&startup_exception, fmt, ap) == -1)
+               warn("%s: asprintf", __func__);
+}
+
+void
+add_startup_exception(const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+       va_list ap;
+
+       nr_exceptions++;
+
+       if (startup_exception)
+               return;
+
+       /* force bar to be enabled due to exception */
+       bar_enabled = 1;
+
+       va_start(ap, fmt);
+       _add_startup_exception(fmt, ap);
+       va_end(ap);
+}
+
 int
 conf_load(const char *filename, int keymapping)
 {
        FILE                    *config;
-       char                    *line, *cp, *optsub, *optval;
+       char                    *line = NULL, *cp, *ce, *optsub, *optval = NULL;
        size_t                  linelen, lineno = 0;
-       int                     wordlen, i, optidx;
+       int                     wordlen, i, optidx, count;
        struct config_option    *opt = NULL;
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_CONF, "conf_load: begin\n");
@@ -6996,14 +7789,20 @@ conf_load(const char *filename, int keymapping)
                warnx("conf_load: no filename");
                return (1);
        }
+
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_CONF, "conf_load: open %s\n", filename);
+
        if ((config = fopen(filename, "r")) == NULL) {
                warn("conf_load: fopen: %s", filename);
                return (1);
        }
 
        while (!feof(config)) {
-               if ((line = fparseln(config, &linelen, &lineno, NULL, 0))
-                   == NULL) {
+               if (line)
+                       free(line);
+
+               if ((line = fparseln(config, &linelen, &lineno, NULL,
+                   FPARSELN_UNESCCOMM | FPARSELN_UNESCCONT)) == NULL) {
                        if (ferror(config))
                                err(1, "%s", filename);
                        else
@@ -7013,84 +7812,87 @@ conf_load(const char *filename, int keymapping)
                cp += strspn(cp, " \t\n"); /* eat whitespace */
                if (cp[0] == '\0') {
                        /* empty line */
-                       free(line);
                        continue;
                }
                /* get config option */
                wordlen = strcspn(cp, "=[ \t\n");
                if (wordlen == 0) {
-                       warnx("%s: line %zd: no option found",
+                       add_startup_exception("%s: line %zd: no option found",
                            filename, lineno);
-                       goto out;
+                       continue;
                }
                optidx = -1;
                for (i = 0; i < LENGTH(configopt); i++) {
                        opt = &configopt[i];
-                       if (!strncasecmp(cp, opt->optname, wordlen) &&
+                       if (strncasecmp(cp, opt->optname, wordlen) == 0 &&
                            (int)strlen(opt->optname) == wordlen) {
                                optidx = i;
                                break;
                        }
                }
                if (optidx == -1) {
-                       warnx("%s: line %zd: unknown option %.*s",
-                           filename, lineno, wordlen, cp);
-                       goto out;
+                       add_startup_exception("%s: line %zd: unknown option "
+                           "%.*s", filename, lineno, wordlen, cp);
+                       continue;
                }
                if (keymapping && opt && strcmp(opt->optname, "bind")) {
-                       warnx("%s: line %zd: invalid option %.*s",
-                           filename, lineno, wordlen, cp);
-                       goto out;
+                       add_startup_exception("%s: line %zd: invalid option "
+                           "%.*s", filename, lineno, wordlen, cp);
+                       continue;
                }
                cp += wordlen;
                cp += strspn(cp, " \t\n"); /* eat whitespace */
+
                /* get [selector] if any */
                optsub = NULL;
+               count = 0;
                if (*cp == '[') {
-                       cp++;
-                       wordlen = strcspn(cp, "]");
-                       if (*cp != ']') {
-                               if (wordlen == 0) {
-                                       warnx("%s: line %zd: syntax error",
-                                           filename, lineno);
-                                       goto out;
+                       ++count;
+                       /* Get length of selector. */
+                       for (ce = ++cp; *ce != '\0'; ++ce) {
+                               /* Find matching (not escaped) bracket. */
+                               if (*ce == ']' && *(ce - 1) != '\\') {
+                                       --count;
+                                       break;
                                }
+                       }
 
-                               if (asprintf(&optsub, "%.*s", wordlen, cp) ==
-                                   -1) {
-                                       warnx("%s: line %zd: unable to allocate"
-                                           "memory for selector", filename,
-                                           lineno);
-                                       goto out;
-                               }
+                       if (count > 0) {
+                               add_startup_exception("%s: line %zd: syntax "
+                                   "error: unterminated selector", filename,
+                                   lineno);
+                               continue;
                        }
-                       cp += wordlen;
-                       cp += strspn(cp, "] \t\n"); /* eat trailing */
+
+                       /* ce points at ']'; terminate optsub. */
+                       *ce = '\0';
+                       optsub = cp;
+                       cp = ce + 1;
                }
                cp += strspn(cp, "= \t\n"); /* eat trailing */
                /* get RHS value */
-               optval = strdup(cp);
+               optval = cp;
+               if (strlen(optval) == 0) {
+                       add_startup_exception("%s: line %zd: must supply value "
+                           "to %s", filename, lineno,
+                           configopt[optidx].optname);
+                       continue;
+               }
                /* call function to deal with it all */
                if (configopt[optidx].func(optsub, optval,
-                   configopt[optidx].funcflags) != 0)
-                       errx(1, "%s: line %zd: invalid data for %s",
-                           filename, lineno, configopt[optidx].optname);
-               free(optval);
-               free(optsub);
-               free(line);
+                   configopt[optidx].funcflags) != 0) {
+                       add_startup_exception("%s: line %zd: invalid data for "
+                           "%s", filename, lineno, configopt[optidx].optname);
+                       continue;
+               }
        }
 
+       if (line)
+               free(line);
        fclose(config);
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_CONF, "conf_load: end\n");
 
        return (0);
-
-out:
-       free(line);
-       fclose(config);
-       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_CONF, "conf_load: end with error.\n");
-
-       return (1);
 }
 
 void
@@ -7108,7 +7910,7 @@ set_child_transient(struct ws_win *win, xcb_window_t *trans)
                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "set_child_transient: parent doesn't exist"
                    " for 0x%x trans 0x%x\n", win->id, win->transient);
 
-               r = root_to_region(win->wa->root, SWM_CK_ALL);
+               r = root_to_region(win->s->root, SWM_CK_ALL);
                ws = r->ws;
                /* parent doen't exist in our window list */
                TAILQ_FOREACH(w, &ws->winlist, entry) {
@@ -7147,7 +7949,7 @@ window_get_pid(xcb_window_t win)
 
        pc = xcb_get_property(conn, 0, win, apid, XCB_ATOM_CARDINAL, 0, 1);
        pr = xcb_get_property_reply(conn, pc, NULL);
-       if (!pr)
+       if (pr == NULL)
                goto tryharder;
        if (pr->type != XCB_ATOM_CARDINAL) {
                free(pr);
@@ -7165,7 +7967,7 @@ tryharder:
        pc = xcb_get_property(conn, 0, win, apid, XCB_ATOM_STRING,
            0, SWM_PROPLEN);
        pr = xcb_get_property_reply(conn, pc, NULL);
-       if (!pr)
+       if (pr == NULL)
                return (0);
        if (pr->type != apid) {
                free(pr);
@@ -7191,7 +7993,7 @@ get_ws_idx(xcb_window_t id)
                xcb_get_property(conn, 0, id, a_swm_ws,
                    XCB_ATOM_STRING, 0, SWM_PROPLEN),
                NULL);
-       if (!gpr)
+       if (gpr == NULL)
                return (-1);
        if (gpr->type) {
                proplen = xcb_get_property_value_length(gpr);
@@ -7227,11 +8029,12 @@ manage_window(xcb_window_t id, uint16_t mapped)
        struct ws_win           *win, *ww;
        int                     ws_idx;
        char                    ws_idx_str[SWM_PROPLEN];
+       char                    *class, *instance, *name;
        struct swm_region       *r;
        struct pid_e            *p;
        struct quirk            *qp;
        uint32_t                i, wa[2];
-       xcb_icccm_get_wm_protocols_reply_t      wpr;
+       xcb_get_geometry_reply_t        *gr;
 
        if ((win = find_window(id)) != NULL) {
                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "manage_window: win 0x%x already "
@@ -7253,6 +8056,13 @@ manage_window(xcb_window_t id, uint16_t mapped)
                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "manage_window: win 0x%x is new.\n", id);
        }
 
+       /* Try to get initial window geometry. */
+       gr = xcb_get_geometry_reply(conn, xcb_get_geometry(conn, id), NULL);
+       if (gr == NULL) {
+               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "manage_window: get geometry failed.\n");
+               return (NULL);
+       }
+
        /* Create and initialize ws_win object. */
        if ((win = calloc(1, sizeof(struct ws_win))) == NULL)
                err(1, "manage_window: calloc: failed to allocate memory for "
@@ -7260,26 +8070,32 @@ manage_window(xcb_window_t id, uint16_t mapped)
 
        win->id = id;
 
-       /* Get window geometry. */
-       win->wa = xcb_get_geometry_reply(conn,
-           xcb_get_geometry(conn, win->id),
-           NULL);
-
-       /* Figure out which region the window belongs to. */
-       r = root_to_region(win->wa->root, SWM_CK_ALL);
+       /* Figureout which region the window belongs to. */
+       r = root_to_region(gr->root, SWM_CK_ALL);
 
        /* Ignore window border if there is one. */
-       WIDTH(win) = win->wa->width;
-       HEIGHT(win) = win->wa->height;
-       X(win) = win->wa->x + win->wa->border_width - border_width;
-       Y(win) = win->wa->y + win->wa->border_width - border_width;
+       WIDTH(win) = gr->width;
+       HEIGHT(win) = gr->height;
+       X(win) = gr->x + gr->border_width - border_width;
+       Y(win) = gr->y + gr->border_width - border_width;
        win->bordered = 1;
        win->mapped = mapped;
        win->floatmaxed = 0;
        win->ewmh_flags = 0;
        win->s = r->s;  /* this never changes */
 
-       store_float_geom(win, r);
+       free(gr);
+
+       /* Select which X events to monitor and set border pixel color. */
+       wa[0] = win->s->c[SWM_S_COLOR_UNFOCUS].pixel;
+       wa[1] = XCB_EVENT_MASK_ENTER_WINDOW | XCB_EVENT_MASK_PROPERTY_CHANGE |
+           XCB_EVENT_MASK_STRUCTURE_NOTIFY;
+#ifdef SWM_DEBUG
+       wa[1] |= XCB_EVENT_MASK_LEAVE_WINDOW | XCB_EVENT_MASK_FOCUS_CHANGE;
+#endif
+
+       xcb_change_window_attributes(conn, win->id, XCB_CW_BORDER_PIXEL |
+           XCB_CW_EVENT_MASK, wa);
 
        /* Get WM_SIZE_HINTS. */
        xcb_icccm_get_wm_normal_hints_reply(conn,
@@ -7300,18 +8116,8 @@ manage_window(xcb_window_t id, uint16_t mapped)
                set_child_transient(win, &win->transient);
        }
 
-       /* Get supported protocols. */
-       if (xcb_icccm_get_wm_protocols_reply(conn,
-           xcb_icccm_get_wm_protocols(conn, win->id, a_prot),
-           &wpr, NULL)) {
-               for (i = 0; i < wpr.atoms_len; i++) {
-                       if (wpr.atoms[i] == a_takefocus)
-                               win->take_focus = 1;
-                       if (wpr.atoms[i] == a_delete)
-                               win->can_delete = 1;
-               }
-               xcb_icccm_get_wm_protocols_reply_wipe(&wpr);
-       }
+       /* Get WM_PROTOCOLS. */
+       get_wm_protocols(win);
 
        win->iconic = get_swm_iconic(win);
 
@@ -7342,35 +8148,45 @@ manage_window(xcb_window_t id, uint16_t mapped)
                    ws_idx_str);
        }
 
+       /* WS must already be set for this to work. */
+       store_float_geom(win);
+
        /* Handle EWMH */
        ewmh_autoquirk(win);
 
        /* Determine initial quirks. */
-       if (xcb_icccm_get_wm_class_reply(conn,
+       xcb_icccm_get_wm_class_reply(conn,
            xcb_icccm_get_wm_class(conn, win->id),
-           &win->ch, NULL)) {
-               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_CLASS, "manage_window: class: %s, name: %s\n",
-                   win->ch.class_name, win->ch.instance_name);
-
-               /* java is retarded so treat it special */
-               if (strstr(win->ch.instance_name, "sun-awt")) {
-                       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_CLASS, "manage_window: java window "
-                           "detected.\n");
-                       win->java = 1;
-               }
-
-               TAILQ_FOREACH(qp, &quirks, entry) {
-                       if (!strcmp(win->ch.class_name, qp->class) &&
-                           !strcmp(win->ch.instance_name, qp->name)) {
-                               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_CLASS, "manage_window: on quirks"
-                                   "list; mask: 0x%lx\n", qp->quirk);
-                               if (qp->quirk & SWM_Q_FLOAT)
-                                       win->floating = 1;
-                               win->quirks = qp->quirk;
-                       }
+           &win->ch, NULL);
+
+       class = win->ch.class_name ? win->ch.class_name : "";
+       instance = win->ch.instance_name ? win->ch.instance_name : "";
+       name = get_win_name(win->id);
+
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_CLASS, "manage_window: class: %s, instance: %s, "
+           "name: %s\n", class, instance, name);
+
+       /* java is retarded so treat it special */
+       if (win->ch.instance_name && strstr(win->ch.instance_name, "sun-awt")) {
+               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_CLASS, "manage_window: java window detected.\n");
+               win->java = 1;
+       }
+
+       TAILQ_FOREACH(qp, &quirks, entry) {
+               if (regexec(&qp->regex_class, class, 0, NULL, 0) == 0 &&
+                   regexec(&qp->regex_instance, instance, 0, NULL, 0) == 0 &&
+                   regexec(&qp->regex_name, name, 0, NULL, 0) == 0) {
+                       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_CLASS, "manage_window: matched "
+                           "quirk: %s:%s:%s mask: %#lx\n", qp->class,
+                           qp->instance, qp->name, qp->quirk);
+                       if (qp->quirk & SWM_Q_FLOAT)
+                               win->floating = 1;
+                       win->quirks = qp->quirk;
                }
        }
 
+       free(name);
+
        /* Alter window position if quirky */
        if (win->quirks & SWM_Q_ANYWHERE)
                win->manual = 1;
@@ -7385,21 +8201,11 @@ manage_window(xcb_window_t id, uint16_t mapped)
 
        /* Make sure window is positioned inside its region, if its active. */
        if (win->ws->r) {
-               constrain_window(win, win->ws->r, 0);
+               region_containment(win, r, SWM_CW_ALLSIDES |
+                   SWM_CW_HARDBOUNDARY);
                update_window(win);
        }
 
-       /* Select which X events to monitor and set border pixel color. */
-       wa[0] = win->s->c[SWM_S_COLOR_UNFOCUS].pixel;
-       wa[1] = XCB_EVENT_MASK_ENTER_WINDOW | XCB_EVENT_MASK_PROPERTY_CHANGE |
-           XCB_EVENT_MASK_STRUCTURE_NOTIFY;
-#ifdef SWM_DEBUG
-       wa[1] |= XCB_EVENT_MASK_LEAVE_WINDOW | XCB_EVENT_MASK_FOCUS_CHANGE;
-#endif
-
-       xcb_change_window_attributes(conn, win->id, XCB_CW_BORDER_PIXEL |
-           XCB_CW_EVENT_MASK, wa);
-
 out:
        /* Figure out where to stack the window in the workspace. */
        if (trans && (ww = find_window(trans)))
@@ -7445,9 +8251,6 @@ free_window(struct ws_win *win)
 
        TAILQ_REMOVE(&win->ws->unmanagedlist, win, entry);
 
-       if (win->wa)
-               free(win->wa);
-
        xcb_icccm_get_wm_class_reply_wipe(&win->ch);
 
        kill_refs(win);
@@ -7487,7 +8290,7 @@ expose(xcb_expose_event_t *e)
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "expose: window: 0x%x\n", e->window);
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].rl, entry)
                        if (e->window == WINID(r->bar))
@@ -7633,8 +8436,7 @@ print_win_geom(xcb_window_t w)
        xcb_get_geometry_reply_t        *wa;
 
        wa = xcb_get_geometry_reply(conn, xcb_get_geometry(conn, w), NULL);
-
-       if (!wa) {
+       if (wa == NULL) {
                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "print_win_geom: window not found: 0x%x\n",
                    w);
                return;
@@ -7850,10 +8652,13 @@ destroynotify(xcb_destroy_notify_event_t *e)
        unmanage_window(win);
        stack();
 
-       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
+       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW && WS_FOCUSED(win->ws)) {
                if (win->ws->focus_pending) {
                        focus_win(win->ws->focus_pending);
                        win->ws->focus_pending = NULL;
+               } else if (win == win->ws->focus) {
+                       xcb_set_input_focus(conn, XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT,
+                           win->ws->r->id, XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
                }
        }
 
@@ -7930,7 +8735,7 @@ void
 enternotify(xcb_enter_notify_event_t *e)
 {
        struct ws_win           *win;
-       struct swm_region       *old_r, *r;
+       struct swm_region       *r;
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_FOCUS, "enternotify: time: %u, win (x,y): 0x%x "
            "(%d,%d), mode: %s(%d), detail: %s(%d), root (x,y): 0x%x (%d,%d), "
@@ -7954,33 +8759,21 @@ enternotify(xcb_enter_notify_event_t *e)
                        /* If no windows on pointer region, then focus root. */
                        r = root_to_region(e->root, SWM_CK_POINTER);
                        if (r == NULL) {
-                               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "enterntoify: "
+                               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "enternotify: "
                                    "NULL region; ignoring.\n");
                                return;
                        }
 
-                       if (TAILQ_EMPTY(&r->ws->winlist)) {
-                               old_r = root_to_region(e->root, SWM_CK_FOCUS);
-                               if (old_r && old_r != r)
-                                       unfocus_win(old_r->ws->focus);
-
-                               xcb_set_input_focus(conn,
-                                   XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT, e->root, e->time);
-
-                               /* Clear bar since empty. */
-                               bar_draw();
-
-                               focus_flush();
-                       }
+                       focus_region(r);
                } else {
                        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "enternotify: window is NULL; "
                            "ignoring\n");
+                       return;
                }
-               return;
+       } else {
+               focus_win(get_focus_magic(win));
        }
 
-       focus_win(get_focus_magic(win));
-
        xcb_flush(conn);
 }
 
@@ -8006,13 +8799,13 @@ mapnotify(xcb_map_notify_event_t *e)
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "mapnotify: window: 0x%x\n", e->window);
 
-       if ((win = find_window(e->window)) == NULL)
-               win = manage_window(e->window, 1);
+       if ((win = manage_window(e->window, 1)) == NULL)
+               return;
 
        win->mapped = 1;
        set_win_state(win, XCB_ICCCM_WM_STATE_NORMAL);
 
-       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
+       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW && WS_FOCUSED(win->ws)) {
                if (win->ws->focus_pending == win) {
                        focus_win(win);
                        win->ws->focus_pending = NULL;
@@ -8026,16 +8819,28 @@ mapnotify(xcb_map_notify_event_t *e)
 void
 mappingnotify(xcb_mapping_notify_event_t *e)
 {
+       struct ws_win   *w;
+       int     i, j, num_screens;
+
        xcb_refresh_keyboard_mapping(syms, e);
 
-       if (e->request == XCB_MAPPING_KEYBOARD)
+       if (e->request == XCB_MAPPING_KEYBOARD) {
                grabkeys();
+
+               /* Regrab buttons on all managed windows. */
+               num_screens = get_screen_count();
+               for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
+                       for (j = 0; j < workspace_limit; j++)
+                               TAILQ_FOREACH(w, &screens[i].ws[j].winlist,
+                                   entry)
+                                       grabbuttons(w);
+       }
 }
 
 void
 maprequest(xcb_map_request_event_t *e)
 {
-       struct ws_win           *win;
+       struct ws_win           *win, *w = NULL;
        xcb_get_window_attributes_reply_t *war;
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "maprequest: win 0x%x\n",
@@ -8057,10 +8862,36 @@ maprequest(xcb_map_request_event_t *e)
 
        win = manage_window(e->window,
            (war->map_state == XCB_MAP_STATE_VIEWABLE));
+       if (win == NULL)
+               goto out;
 
        /* The new window should get focus; prepare. */
-       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW)
-               win->ws->focus_pending = get_focus_magic(win);
+       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW &&
+           !(win->quirks & SWM_Q_NOFOCUSONMAP) &&
+           (!(win->hints.flags & XCB_ICCCM_WM_HINT_INPUT) ||
+            (win->hints.flags & XCB_ICCCM_WM_HINT_INPUT &&
+             win->hints.input))) {
+               if (win->quirks & SWM_Q_FOCUSONMAP_SINGLE) {
+                       /* See if other wins of same type are already mapped. */
+                       TAILQ_FOREACH(w, &win->ws->winlist, entry) {
+                               if (w == win || !w->mapped)
+                                       continue;
+
+                               if (w->ch.class_name &&
+                                   win->ch.class_name &&
+                                   strcmp(w->ch.class_name,
+                                   win->ch.class_name) == 0 &&
+                                   w->ch.instance_name &&
+                                   win->ch.instance_name &&
+                                   strcmp(w->ch.instance_name,
+                                   win->ch.instance_name) == 0)
+                                       break;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               if (w == NULL)
+                       win->ws->focus_pending = get_focus_magic(win);
+       }
 
        /* All windows need to be mapped if they are in the current workspace.*/
        if (win->ws->r)
@@ -8074,12 +8905,44 @@ out:
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "maprequest: done.\n");
 }
 
+void
+motionnotify(xcb_motion_notify_event_t *e)
+{
+       struct swm_region       *r;
+       int                     i, num_screens;
+
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_FOCUS, "motionnotify: time: %u, win (x,y): 0x%x "
+           "(%d,%d), detail: %s(%d), root (x,y): 0x%x (%d,%d), "
+           "child: 0x%x, same_screen_focus: %s, state: %d\n",
+           e->time, e->event, e->event_x, e->event_y,
+           get_notify_detail_label(e->detail), e->detail,
+           e->root, e->root_x, e->root_y, e->child,
+           YESNO(e->same_screen), e->state);
+
+       last_event_time = e->time;
+
+       if (focus_mode == SWM_FOCUS_MANUAL)
+               return;
+
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
+       for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
+               if (screens[i].root == e->root)
+                       break;
+
+       TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].rl, entry)
+               if (X(r) <= e->root_x && e->root_x < MAX_X(r) &&
+                   Y(r) <= e->root_y && e->root_y < MAX_Y(r))
+                       break;
+
+       focus_region(r);
+}
+
 #ifdef SWM_DEBUG
 char *
 get_atom_name(xcb_atom_t atom)
 {
        char                            *name = NULL;
-#if 0
+#ifdef SWM_DEBUG_ATOM_NAMES
        /*
         * This should be disabled during most debugging since
         * xcb_get_* causes an xcb_flush.
@@ -8112,6 +8975,7 @@ void
 propertynotify(xcb_property_notify_event_t *e)
 {
        struct ws_win           *win;
+       struct workspace        *ws;
 #ifdef SWM_DEBUG
        char                    *name;
 
@@ -8125,28 +8989,44 @@ propertynotify(xcb_property_notify_event_t *e)
        if (win == NULL)
                return;
 
+       ws = win->ws;
+
        last_event_time = e->time;
 
        if (e->atom == a_swm_iconic) {
                if (e->state == XCB_PROPERTY_NEW_VALUE) {
                        if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW)
-                               win->ws->focus_pending = get_focus_prev(win);
+                               ws->focus_pending = get_focus_prev(win);
 
                        unfocus_win(win);
                        unmap_window(win);
 
-                       if (win->ws->r) {
+                       if (ws->r) {
                                stack();
-                               if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
-                                       focus_win(win->ws->focus_pending);
-                                       win->ws->focus_pending = NULL;
+
+                               if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW &&
+                                   WS_FOCUSED(ws)) {
+                                       if (ws->focus_pending) {
+                                               focus_win(ws->focus_pending);
+                                               ws->focus_pending = NULL;
+                                       } else {
+                                               xcb_set_input_focus(conn,
+                                                   XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT,
+                                                   ws->r->id,
+                                                   XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
+                                       }
                                }
+
                                focus_flush();
                        }
                } else if (e->state == XCB_PROPERTY_DELETE) {
+                       /* Reload floating geometry in case region changed. */
+                       if (win->floating)
+                               load_float_geom(win);
+
                        /* The window is no longer iconic, restack ws. */
                        if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW)
-                               win->ws->focus_pending = get_focus_magic(win);
+                               ws->focus_pending = get_focus_magic(win);
 
                        stack();
 
@@ -8156,17 +9036,19 @@ propertynotify(xcb_property_notify_event_t *e)
        } else if (e->atom == a_state) {
                /* State just changed, make sure it gets focused if mapped. */
                if (e->state == XCB_PROPERTY_NEW_VALUE) {
-                       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
+                       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW && WS_FOCUSED(ws)) {
                                if (win->mapped &&
-                                   win->ws->focus_pending == win) {
-                                       focus_win(win->ws->focus_pending);
-                                       win->ws->focus_pending = NULL;
+                                   ws->focus_pending == win) {
+                                       focus_win(ws->focus_pending);
+                                       ws->focus_pending = NULL;
                                }
                        }
                }
        } else if (e->atom == XCB_ATOM_WM_CLASS ||
            e->atom == XCB_ATOM_WM_NAME) {
                bar_draw();
+       } else if (e->atom == a_prot) {
+               get_wm_protocols(win);
        }
 
        xcb_flush(conn);
@@ -8182,7 +9064,7 @@ unmapnotify(xcb_unmap_notify_event_t *e)
 
        /* If we aren't managing the window, then ignore. */
        win = find_window(e->window);
-       if (win == NULL)
+       if (win == NULL || win->id != e->window)
                return;
 
        ws = win->ws;
@@ -8212,13 +9094,15 @@ unmapnotify(xcb_unmap_notify_event_t *e)
                if (ws->r)
                        stack();
 
-               if (focus_mode == SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
-                       if (ws->r)
+               if (WS_FOCUSED(ws)) {
+                       if (focus_mode == SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
                                focus_win(get_pointer_win(ws->r->s->root));
-               } else {
-                       if (ws->focus_pending) {
+                       } else if (ws->focus_pending) {
                                focus_win(ws->focus_pending);
                                ws->focus_pending = NULL;
+                       } else if (ws->focus == NULL) {
+                               xcb_set_input_focus(conn, XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT,
+                                   ws->r->id, XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
                        }
                }
        }
@@ -8229,19 +9113,10 @@ unmapnotify(xcb_unmap_notify_event_t *e)
        focus_flush();
 }
 
-#if 0
-void
-visibilitynotify(xcb_visibility_notify_event_t *e)
-{
-       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "visibilitynotify: window: 0x%x\n",
-           e->window);
-}
-#endif
-
 void
 clientmessage(xcb_client_message_event_t *e)
 {
-       struct ws_win *win;
+       struct ws_win           *win;
        xcb_map_request_event_t mre;
 #ifdef SWM_DEBUG
        char                    *name;
@@ -8266,7 +9141,10 @@ clientmessage(xcb_client_message_event_t *e)
 
        if (e->type == ewmh[_NET_ACTIVE_WINDOW].atom) {
                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "clientmessage: _NET_ACTIVE_WINDOW\n");
-               focus_win(win);
+               if (WS_FOCUSED(win->ws))
+                       focus_win(win);
+               else
+                       win->ws->focus_pending = win;
        }
        if (e->type == ewmh[_NET_CLOSE_WINDOW].atom) {
                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "clientmessage: _NET_CLOSE_WINDOW\n");
@@ -8353,7 +9231,7 @@ enable_wm(void)
        xcb_generic_error_t     *error;
 
        /* this causes an error if some other window manager is running */
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
                if ((sc = get_screen(i)) == NULL)
                        errx(1, "ERROR: can't get screen %d.", i);
@@ -8383,6 +9261,7 @@ new_region(struct swm_screen *s, int x, int y, int w, int h)
        struct swm_region       *r, *n;
        struct workspace        *ws = NULL;
        int                     i;
+       uint32_t                wa[1];
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "new region: screen[%d]:%dx%d+%d+%d\n",
             s->idx, w, h, x, y);
@@ -8392,14 +9271,13 @@ new_region(struct swm_screen *s, int x, int y, int w, int h)
        while (n) {
                r = n;
                n = TAILQ_NEXT(r, entry);
-               if (X(r) < (x + w) &&
-                   (X(r) + WIDTH(r)) > x &&
-                   Y(r) < (y + h) &&
-                   (Y(r) + HEIGHT(r)) > y) {
+               if (X(r) < (x + w) && (X(r) + WIDTH(r)) > x &&
+                   Y(r) < (y + h) && (Y(r) + HEIGHT(r)) > y) {
                        if (r->ws->r != NULL)
                                r->ws->old_r = r->ws->r;
                        r->ws->r = NULL;
                        bar_cleanup(r);
+                       xcb_destroy_window(conn, r->id);
                        TAILQ_REMOVE(&s->rl, r, entry);
                        TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&s->orl, r, entry);
                }
@@ -8450,6 +9328,17 @@ new_region(struct swm_screen *s, int x, int y, int w, int h)
        ws->r = r;
        outputs++;
        TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&s->rl, r, entry);
+
+       /* Invisible region window to detect pointer events on empty regions. */
+       r->id = xcb_generate_id(conn);
+       wa[0] = XCB_EVENT_MASK_POINTER_MOTION |
+           XCB_EVENT_MASK_POINTER_MOTION_HINT;
+
+       xcb_create_window(conn, XCB_COPY_FROM_PARENT, r->id, r->s->root,
+           X(r), Y(r), WIDTH(r), HEIGHT(r), 0, XCB_WINDOW_CLASS_INPUT_ONLY,
+           XCB_COPY_FROM_PARENT, XCB_CW_EVENT_MASK, wa);
+
+       xcb_map_window(conn, r->id);
 }
 
 void
@@ -8460,6 +9349,7 @@ scan_xrandr(int i)
        int                                             ncrtc = 0;
 #endif /* SWM_XRR_HAS_CRTC */
        struct swm_region                               *r;
+       struct ws_win                                   *win;
        int                                             num_screens;
        xcb_randr_get_screen_resources_current_cookie_t src;
        xcb_randr_get_screen_resources_current_reply_t  *srr;
@@ -8473,7 +9363,7 @@ scan_xrandr(int i)
        if ((screen = get_screen(i)) == NULL)
                errx(1, "ERROR: can't get screen %d.", i);
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        if (i >= num_screens)
                errx(1, "scan_xrandr: invalid screen");
 
@@ -8481,6 +9371,7 @@ scan_xrandr(int i)
        while ((r = TAILQ_FIRST(&screens[i].rl)) != NULL) {
                r->ws->old_r = r->ws->r = NULL;
                bar_cleanup(r);
+               xcb_destroy_window(conn, r->id);
                TAILQ_REMOVE(&screens[i].rl, r, entry);
                TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&screens[i].orl, r, entry);
        }
@@ -8532,6 +9423,16 @@ scan_xrandr(int i)
                    screen->height_in_pixels);
 
 out:
+       /* Cleanup unused previously visible workspaces. */
+       TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].orl, entry) {
+               TAILQ_FOREACH(win, &r->ws->winlist, entry)
+                       unmap_window(win);
+
+               /* The screen shouldn't focus on an unused region. */
+               if (screens[i].r_focus == r)
+                       screens[i].r_focus = NULL;
+       }
+
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "scan_xrandr: done.\n");
 }
 
@@ -8543,7 +9444,7 @@ screenchange(xcb_randr_screen_change_notify_event_t *e)
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "screenchange: root: 0x%x\n", e->root);
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        /* silly event doesn't include the screen index */
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                if (screens[i].root == e->root)
@@ -8558,15 +9459,30 @@ screenchange(xcb_randr_screen_change_notify_event_t *e)
        print_win_geom(e->root);
 #endif
        /* add bars to all regions */
-       for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
+       for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
                TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].rl, entry)
                        bar_setup(r);
+       }
+
        stack();
+
+       /* Make sure a region has focus on each screen. */
+       for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
+               if (screens[i].r_focus == NULL) {
+                       r = TAILQ_FIRST(&screens[i].rl);
+                       if (r != NULL)
+                               focus_region(r);
+               }
+       }
+
+       bar_draw();
+       focus_flush();
 }
 
 void
 grab_windows(void)
 {
+       struct swm_region       *r = NULL;
        xcb_window_t            *wins = NULL, trans;
        int                     no;
        int                     i, j, num_screens;
@@ -8574,16 +9490,16 @@ grab_windows(void)
 
        xcb_query_tree_cookie_t                 qtc;
        xcb_query_tree_reply_t                  *qtr;
-       xcb_get_window_attributes_cookie_t      c;
-       xcb_get_window_attributes_reply_t       *r;
+       xcb_get_window_attributes_cookie_t      gac;
+       xcb_get_window_attributes_reply_t       *gar;
        xcb_get_property_cookie_t               pc;
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_INIT, "grab_windows: begin\n");
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
                qtc = xcb_query_tree(conn, screens[i].root);
                qtr = xcb_query_tree_reply(conn, qtc, NULL);
-               if (!qtr)
+               if (qtr == NULL)
                        continue;
                wins = xcb_query_tree_children(qtr);
                no = xcb_query_tree_children_length(qtr);
@@ -8591,17 +9507,30 @@ grab_windows(void)
                /* normal windows */
                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_INIT, "grab_windows: grab top level windows.\n");
                for (j = 0; j < no; j++) {
-                       c = xcb_get_window_attributes(conn, wins[j]);
-                       r = xcb_get_window_attributes_reply(conn, c, NULL);
-                       if (!r) {
+                       TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].rl, entry) {
+                               if (r->id == wins[j]) {
+                                       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_INIT, "grab_windows: "
+                                           "skip %#x; region input window.\n",
+                                           wins[j]);
+                                       break;
+                               }
+                       }
+
+                       if (r)
+                               continue;
+
+                       gac = xcb_get_window_attributes(conn, wins[j]);
+                       gar = xcb_get_window_attributes_reply(conn, gac, NULL);
+                       if (gar == NULL) {
                                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_INIT, "grab_windows: skip %#x; "
                                    "doesn't exist.\n", wins[j]);
                                continue;
                        }
-                       if (r->override_redirect) {
+
+                       if (gar->override_redirect) {
                                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_INIT, "grab_windows: skip %#x; "
                                    "override_redirect set.\n", wins[j]);
-                               free(r);
+                               free(gar);
                                continue;
                        }
 
@@ -8610,42 +9539,43 @@ grab_windows(void)
                            &trans, NULL)) {
                                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_INIT, "grab_windows: skip %#x; "
                                    "is transient for %#x.\n", wins[j], trans);
-                               free(r);
+                               free(gar);
                                continue;
                        }
 
                        state = getstate(wins[j]);
                        manage = state != XCB_ICCCM_WM_STATE_WITHDRAWN;
-                       mapped = r->map_state != XCB_MAP_STATE_UNMAPPED;
+                       mapped = gar->map_state != XCB_MAP_STATE_UNMAPPED;
                        if (mapped || manage)
                                manage_window(wins[j], mapped);
-                       free(r);
+                       free(gar);
                }
                /* transient windows */
                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_INIT, "grab_windows: grab transient windows.\n");
                for (j = 0; j < no; j++) {
-                       c = xcb_get_window_attributes(conn, wins[j]);
-                       r = xcb_get_window_attributes_reply(conn, c, NULL);
-                       if (!r) {
+                       gac = xcb_get_window_attributes(conn, wins[j]);
+                       gar = xcb_get_window_attributes_reply(conn, gac, NULL);
+                       if (gar == NULL) {
                                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_INIT, "grab_windows: skip %#x; "
                                    "doesn't exist.\n", wins[j]);
                                continue;
                        }
-                       if (r->override_redirect) {
+
+                       if (gar->override_redirect) {
                                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_INIT, "grab_windows: skip %#x; "
                                    "override_redirect set.\n", wins[j]);
-                               free(r);
+                               free(gar);
                                continue;
                        }
 
                        state = getstate(wins[j]);
                        manage = state != XCB_ICCCM_WM_STATE_WITHDRAWN;
-                       mapped = r->map_state != XCB_MAP_STATE_UNMAPPED;
+                       mapped = gar->map_state != XCB_MAP_STATE_UNMAPPED;
                        pc = xcb_icccm_get_wm_transient_for(conn, wins[j]);
                        if (xcb_icccm_get_wm_transient_for_reply(conn, pc,
                            &trans, NULL) && manage)
                                manage_window(wins[j], mapped);
-                       free(r);
+                       free(gar);
                }
                free(qtr);
        }
@@ -8655,15 +9585,15 @@ grab_windows(void)
 void
 setup_screens(void)
 {
-       int                     i, j, k, num_screens;
-       struct workspace        *ws;
-       uint32_t                gcv[1], wa[1];
-       const xcb_query_extension_reply_t *qep;
+       int                                     i, j, k, num_screens;
+       struct workspace                        *ws;
+       uint32_t                                gcv[1], wa[1];
+       const xcb_query_extension_reply_t       *qep;
        xcb_screen_t                            *screen;
        xcb_randr_query_version_cookie_t        c;
        xcb_randr_query_version_reply_t         *r;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        if ((screens = calloc(num_screens,
             sizeof(struct swm_screen))) == NULL)
                err(1, "setup_screens: calloc: failed to allocate memory for "
@@ -8690,6 +9620,8 @@ setup_screens(void)
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_WS, "setup_screens: init screen: %d\n", i);
                screens[i].idx = i;
+               screens[i].r_focus = NULL;
+
                TAILQ_INIT(&screens[i].rl);
                TAILQ_INIT(&screens[i].orl);
                if ((screen = get_screen(i)) == NULL)
@@ -8700,6 +9632,8 @@ setup_screens(void)
                setscreencolor("red", i + 1, SWM_S_COLOR_FOCUS);
                setscreencolor("rgb:88/88/88", i + 1, SWM_S_COLOR_UNFOCUS);
                setscreencolor("rgb:00/80/80", i + 1, SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_BORDER);
+               setscreencolor("rgb:00/40/40", i + 1,
+                   SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_BORDER_UNFOCUS);
                setscreencolor("black", i + 1, SWM_S_COLOR_BAR);
                setscreencolor("rgb:a0/a0/a0", i + 1, SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_FONT);
 
@@ -8760,10 +9694,7 @@ setup_globals(void)
        a_prot = get_atom_from_string("WM_PROTOCOLS");
        a_delete = get_atom_from_string("WM_DELETE_WINDOW");
        a_takefocus = get_atom_from_string("WM_TAKE_FOCUS");
-       a_wmname = get_atom_from_string("WM_NAME");
-       a_netwmname = get_atom_from_string("_NET_WM_NAME");
        a_utf8_string = get_atom_from_string("UTF8_STRING");
-       a_string = get_atom_from_string("STRING");
        a_swm_iconic = get_atom_from_string("_SWM_ICONIC");
        a_swm_ws = get_atom_from_string("_SWM_WS");
 }
@@ -8778,7 +9709,7 @@ workaround(void)
        /* work around sun jdk bugs, code from wmname */
        netwmcheck = get_atom_from_string("_NET_SUPPORTING_WM_CHECK");
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
                root = screens[i].root;
 
@@ -8792,7 +9723,8 @@ workaround(void)
                xcb_change_property(conn, XCB_PROP_MODE_REPLACE, win,
                    netwmcheck, XCB_ATOM_WINDOW, 32, 1, &win);
                xcb_change_property(conn, XCB_PROP_MODE_REPLACE, win,
-                   a_netwmname, a_utf8_string, 8, strlen("LG3D"), "LG3D");
+                   ewmh[_NET_WM_NAME].atom, a_utf8_string, 8, strlen("LG3D"),
+                   "LG3D");
        }
 }
 
@@ -8807,16 +9739,15 @@ shutdown_cleanup(void)
                err(1, "can't disable alarm");
 
        bar_extra_stop();
-       bar_extra = 1;
        unmap_all();
 
        cursors_cleanup();
 
        teardown_ewmh();
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; ++i) {
-               if (screens[i].bar_gc != 0)
+               if (screens[i].bar_gc != XCB_NONE)
                        xcb_free_gc(conn, screens[i].bar_gc);
                if (!bar_font_legacy)
                        XftColorFree(display, DefaultVisual(display, i),
@@ -8885,7 +9816,7 @@ event_handle(xcb_generic_event_t *evt)
        EVENT(XCB_MAP_NOTIFY, mapnotify);
        EVENT(XCB_MAP_REQUEST, maprequest);
        EVENT(XCB_MAPPING_NOTIFY, mappingnotify);
-       /*EVENT(XCB_MOTION_NOTIFY, );*/
+       EVENT(XCB_MOTION_NOTIFY, motionnotify);
        /*EVENT(XCB_NO_EXPOSURE, );*/
        EVENT(XCB_PROPERTY_NOTIFY, propertynotify);
        /*EVENT(XCB_REPARENT_NOTIFY, );*/
@@ -8894,7 +9825,7 @@ event_handle(xcb_generic_event_t *evt)
        /*EVENT(XCB_SELECTION_NOTIFY, );*/
        /*EVENT(XCB_SELECTION_REQUEST, );*/
        EVENT(XCB_UNMAP_NOTIFY, unmapnotify);
-       /*EVENT(XCB_VISIBILITY_NOTIFY, visibilitynotify);*/
+       /*EVENT(XCB_VISIBILITY_NOTIFY, );*/
 #undef EVENT
        }
        if (type - xrandr_eventbase == XCB_RANDR_SCREEN_CHANGE_NOTIFY)
@@ -8904,14 +9835,13 @@ event_handle(xcb_generic_event_t *evt)
 int
 main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
-       struct swm_region       *r, *rr;
-       struct ws_win           *winfocus = NULL;
+       struct swm_region       *r;
        char                    conf[PATH_MAX], *cfile = NULL;
        struct stat             sb;
-       int                     xfd, i, num_screens;
+       int                     xfd, i, num_screens, startup = 1;
        struct sigaction        sact;
        xcb_generic_event_t     *evt;
-       struct timeval          tv;
+       struct timeval          tv;
        fd_set                  rd;
        int                     rd_max;
        int                     stdin_ready = 0;
@@ -8924,7 +9854,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 
        start_argv = argv;
        warnx("Welcome to spectrwm V%s Build: %s", SPECTRWM_VERSION, buildstr);
-       if (!setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "") || !setlocale(LC_TIME, ""))
+       if (setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "") == NULL || setlocale(LC_TIME, "") == NULL)
                warnx("no locale support");
 
        /* handle some signals */
@@ -8941,7 +9871,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
        sact.sa_flags = SA_NOCLDSTOP;
        sigaction(SIGCHLD, &sact, NULL);
 
-       if (!(display = XOpenDisplay(0)))
+       if ((display = XOpenDisplay(0)) == NULL)
                errx(1, "can not open display");
 
        conn = XGetXCBConnection(display);
@@ -8968,7 +9898,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
                free(evt);
        }
 
-       if (enable_wm() != 0)
+       if (enable_wm())
                errx(1, "another window manager is currently running");
 
        /* Load Xcursors and/or cursorfont glyph cursors. */
@@ -9022,6 +9952,8 @@ noconfig:
        if (cfile)
                conf_load(cfile, SWM_CONF_DEFAULT);
 
+       validate_spawns();
+
        setup_ewmh();
        /* set some values to work around bad programs */
        workaround();
@@ -9032,16 +9964,14 @@ noconfig:
                setenv("SWM_STARTED", "YES", 1);
 
        /* setup all bars */
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
-               TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].rl, entry) {
-                       if (winfocus == NULL)
-                               winfocus = TAILQ_FIRST(&r->ws->winlist);
+               TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].rl, entry)
                        bar_setup(r);
-               }
 
        grabkeys();
        stack();
+       bar_draw();
 
        xcb_ungrab_server(conn);
        xcb_flush(conn);
@@ -9057,22 +9987,24 @@ noconfig:
                }
 
                /* If just (re)started, set default focus if needed. */
-               if (winfocus && focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
-                       rr = winfocus->ws->r;
-                       if (rr == NULL) {
-                               /* not a visible window */
-                               winfocus = NULL;
+               if (startup) {
+                       startup = 0;
+
+                       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
+                               r = TAILQ_FIRST(&screens[0].rl);
+                               if (r) {
+                                       focus_region(r);
+                                       focus_flush();
+                               }
                                continue;
                        }
-
-                       focus_win(get_region_focus(rr));
-                       focus_flush();
-                       winfocus = NULL;
-                       continue;
                }
 
                FD_ZERO(&rd);
-               FD_SET(STDIN_FILENO, &rd);
+
+               if (bar_extra)
+                       FD_SET(STDIN_FILENO, &rd);
+
                FD_SET(xfd, &rd);
                tv.tv_sec = 1;
                tv.tv_usec = 0;
@@ -9096,6 +10028,9 @@ noconfig:
                        stdin_ready = 0;
                        bar_extra_update();
                }
+
+               bar_draw();
+               xcb_flush(conn);
        }
 done:
        shutdown_cleanup();