]> code.delx.au - spectrwm/blobdiff - spectrwm.c
Add new focus_urgent binding.
[spectrwm] / spectrwm.c
index 4530bd71de3db02335b771b9388dfe2359af6247..aef7c6088789d933c4d266f2f0726fdba4b30bd0 100644 (file)
@@ -5,10 +5,10 @@
  * Copyright (c) 2009 Pierre-Yves Ritschard <pyr@spootnik.org>
  * Copyright (c) 2010 Tuukka Kataja <stuge@xor.fi>
  * Copyright (c) 2011 Jason L. Wright <jason@thought.net>
- * Copyright (c) 2011-2012 Reginald Kennedy <rk@rejii.com>
+ * Copyright (c) 2011-2013 Reginald Kennedy <rk@rejii.com>
  * Copyright (c) 2011-2012 Lawrence Teo <lteo@lteo.net>
  * Copyright (c) 2011-2012 Tiago Cunha <tcunha@gmx.com>
- * Copyright (c) 2012 David Hill <dhill@mindcry.org>
+ * Copyright (c) 2012-2013 David Hill <dhill@mindcry.org>
  *
  * Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
  * purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
@@ -243,9 +243,20 @@ u_int32_t          swm_debug = 0
 #define SH_INC_W(w)            (w)->sh.width_inc
 #define SH_INC_H(w)            (w)->sh.height_inc
 #define SWM_MAX_FONT_STEPS     (3)
-#define WINID(w)               ((w) ? (w)->id : 0)
+#define WINID(w)               ((w) ? (w)->id : XCB_WINDOW_NONE)
+#define WS_FOCUSED(ws)         ((ws)->r && (ws)->r->s->r_focus == (ws)->r)
 #define YESNO(x)               ((x) ? "yes" : "no")
 
+/* Constrain Window flags */
+#define SWM_CW_RESIZABLE       (0x01)
+#define SWM_CW_SOFTBOUNDARY    (0x02)
+#define SWM_CW_HARDBOUNDARY    (0x04)
+#define SWM_CW_RIGHT           (0x10)
+#define SWM_CW_LEFT            (0x20)
+#define SWM_CW_BOTTOM          (0x40)
+#define SWM_CW_TOP             (0x80)
+#define SWM_CW_ALLSIDES                (0xf0)
+
 #define SWM_FOCUS_DEFAULT      (0)
 #define SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW       (1)
 #define SWM_FOCUS_MANUAL       (2)
@@ -269,10 +280,7 @@ xcb_atom_t         a_state;
 xcb_atom_t             a_prot;
 xcb_atom_t             a_delete;
 xcb_atom_t             a_takefocus;
-xcb_atom_t             a_wmname;
-xcb_atom_t             a_netwmname;
 xcb_atom_t             a_utf8_string;
-xcb_atom_t             a_string;
 xcb_atom_t             a_swm_iconic;
 xcb_atom_t             a_swm_ws;
 volatile sig_atomic_t   running = 1;
@@ -288,6 +296,7 @@ Display                     *display;
 xcb_connection_t       *conn;
 xcb_key_symbols_t      *syms;
 
+int                    boundary_width = 50;
 int                    cycle_empty = 0;
 int                    cycle_visible = 0;
 int                    term_width = 0;
@@ -560,6 +569,7 @@ union arg {
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_FOCUSNEXT   (0)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_FOCUSPREV   (1)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_FOCUSMAIN   (2)
+#define SWM_ARG_ID_FOCUSURGENT (3)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_SWAPNEXT    (10)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_SWAPPREV    (11)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_SWAPMAIN    (12)
@@ -577,6 +587,8 @@ union arg {
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLERG_DOWN        (43)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_UP_ALL      (44)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_DOWN_ALL    (45)
+#define SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_MOVE_UP     (46)
+#define SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_MOVE_DOWN   (47)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_STACKINC    (50)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_STACKDEC    (51)
 #define SWM_ARG_ID_SS_ALL      (60)
@@ -610,6 +622,8 @@ struct quirk {
 #define SWM_Q_XTERM_FONTADJ    (1<<3)  /* adjust xterm fonts when resizing */
 #define SWM_Q_FULLSCREEN       (1<<4)  /* remove border */
 #define SWM_Q_FOCUSPREV                (1<<5)  /* focus on caller */
+#define SWM_Q_NOFOCUSONMAP     (1<<6)  /* Don't focus on window when mapped. */
+#define SWM_Q_FOCUSONMAP_SINGLE        (1<<7)  /* Only focus if single win of type. */
 };
 TAILQ_HEAD(quirk_list, quirk);
 struct quirk_list              quirks = TAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(quirks);
@@ -707,12 +721,15 @@ struct cursors {
        {"top_right_corner", XC_top_right_corner, XCB_CURSOR_NONE},
 };
 
+#define        SWM_SPAWN_OPTIONAL              0x1
+
 /* spawn */
 struct spawn_prog {
        TAILQ_ENTRY(spawn_prog) entry;
        char                    *name;
        int                     argc;
        char                    **argv;
+       int                     flags;
 };
 TAILQ_HEAD(spawn_list, spawn_prog);
 struct spawn_list              spawns = TAILQ_HEAD_INITIALIZER(spawns);
@@ -728,6 +745,7 @@ enum keyfuncid {
        KF_FOCUS_MAIN,
        KF_FOCUS_NEXT,
        KF_FOCUS_PREV,
+       KF_FOCUS_URGENT,
        KF_HEIGHT_GROW,
        KF_HEIGHT_SHRINK,
        KF_ICONIFY,
@@ -826,8 +844,10 @@ enum keyfuncid {
        KF_WS_22,
        KF_WS_NEXT,
        KF_WS_NEXT_ALL,
+       KF_WS_NEXT_MOVE,
        KF_WS_PREV,
        KF_WS_PREV_ALL,
+       KF_WS_PREV_MOVE,
        KF_WS_PRIOR,
        KF_DUMPWINS, /* MUST BE LAST */
        KF_INVALID
@@ -857,8 +877,7 @@ void         bar_print(struct swm_region *, const char *);
 void    bar_print_legacy(struct swm_region *, const char *);
 void    bar_replace(char *, char *, struct swm_region *, size_t);
 void    bar_replace_pad(char *, int *, size_t);
-char *  bar_replace_seq(char *, char *, struct swm_region *, size_t *,
-            size_t);
+char   *bar_replace_seq(char *, char *, struct swm_region *, size_t *, size_t);
 void    bar_setup(struct swm_region *);
 void    bar_title_name(char *, size_t, struct swm_region *);
 void    bar_toggle(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
@@ -875,7 +894,7 @@ int  conf_load(const char *, int);
 void    configurenotify(xcb_configure_notify_event_t *);
 void    configurerequest(xcb_configure_request_event_t *);
 void    config_win(struct ws_win *, xcb_configure_request_event_t *);
-void    constrain_window(struct ws_win *, struct swm_region *, int);
+void    constrain_window(struct ws_win *, struct swm_geometry *, int *);
 int     count_win(struct workspace *, int);
 void    cursors_cleanup(void);
 void    cursors_load(void);
@@ -928,6 +947,8 @@ struct ws_win       *get_pointer_win(xcb_window_t);
 struct ws_win  *get_region_focus(struct swm_region *);
 int     get_region_index(struct swm_region *);
 xcb_screen_t   *get_screen(int);
+xcb_window_t    get_sibling(struct ws_win *, int);
+int     get_screen_count(void);
 #ifdef SWM_DEBUG
 char   *get_stack_mode_name(uint8_t);
 #endif
@@ -952,16 +973,16 @@ void       kill_refs(struct ws_win *);
 #ifdef SWM_DEBUG
 void    leavenotify(xcb_leave_notify_event_t *);
 #endif
-void    load_float_geom(struct ws_win *, struct swm_region *);
+void    load_float_geom(struct ws_win *);
 struct ws_win  *manage_window(xcb_window_t, uint16_t);
-void    map_window(struct ws_win *);
+void    map_window(struct ws_win *, xcb_window_t);
 void    mapnotify(xcb_map_notify_event_t *);
 void    mappingnotify(xcb_mapping_notify_event_t *);
 void    maprequest(xcb_map_request_event_t *);
 void    motionnotify(xcb_motion_notify_event_t *);
 void    move(struct ws_win *, union arg *);
 void    move_step(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
-uint32_t name_to_pixel(const char *);
+uint32_t name_to_pixel(int, const char *);
 void    name_workspace(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
 void    new_region(struct swm_screen *, int, int, int, int);
 int     parsekeys(char *, unsigned int, unsigned int *, KeySym *);
@@ -979,6 +1000,9 @@ void        quirk_replace(struct quirk *, const char *, const char *,
             unsigned long);
 void    quit(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
 void    raise_toggle(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void    region_containment(struct ws_win *, struct swm_region *, int);
+struct swm_region      *region_under(struct swm_screen *, int, int);
+void    regionize(struct ws_win *, int, int);
 void    resize(struct ws_win *, union arg *);
 void    resize_step(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
 void    restart(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
@@ -986,10 +1010,10 @@ struct swm_region        *root_to_region(xcb_window_t, int);
 void    screenchange(xcb_randr_screen_change_notify_event_t *);
 void    scan_xrandr(int);
 void    search_do_resp(void);
-void    search_resp_name_workspace(const char *, unsigned long);
+void    search_resp_name_workspace(const char *, size_t);
 void    search_resp_search_window(const char *);
 void    search_resp_search_workspace(const char *);
-void    search_resp_uniconify(const char *, unsigned long);
+void    search_resp_uniconify(const char *, size_t);
 void    search_win(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
 void    search_win_cleanup(void);
 void    search_workspace(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
@@ -1009,7 +1033,7 @@ int        setkeymapping(char *, char *, int);
 int     setlayout(char *, char *, int);
 void    setquirk(const char *, const char *, unsigned long);
 void    setscreencolor(char *, int, int);
-void    setspawn(const char *, const char *);
+void    setspawn(const char *, const char *, int);
 void    setup_ewmh(void);
 void    setup_globals(void);
 void    setup_keys(void);
@@ -1026,15 +1050,16 @@ void     sort_windows(struct ws_win_list *);
 void    spawn(int, union arg *, int);
 void    spawn_custom(struct swm_region *, union arg *, const char *);
 int     spawn_expand(struct swm_region *, union arg *, const char *, char ***);
-void    spawn_insert(const char *, const char *);
+void    spawn_insert(const char *, const char *, int);
+struct spawn_prog      *spawn_find(const char *);
 void    spawn_remove(struct spawn_prog *);
-void    spawn_replace(struct spawn_prog *, const char *, const char *);
+void    spawn_replace(struct spawn_prog *, const char *, const char *, int);
 void    spawn_select(struct swm_region *, union arg *, const char *, int *);
 void    stack_config(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
 void    stack_floater(struct ws_win *, struct swm_region *);
 void    stack_master(struct workspace *, struct swm_geometry *, int, int);
-void    store_float_geom(struct ws_win *, struct swm_region *);
-char *  strdupsafe(const char *);
+void    store_float_geom(struct ws_win *);
+char   *strdupsafe(const char *);
 void    swapwin(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
 void    switchws(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
 void    teardown_ewmh(void);
@@ -1047,10 +1072,12 @@ void     unmap_window(struct ws_win *);
 void    updatenumlockmask(void);
 void    update_modkey(unsigned int);
 void    update_window(struct ws_win *);
+void    validate_spawns(void);
 int     validate_win(struct ws_win *);
 int     validate_ws(struct workspace *);
 /*void  visibilitynotify(xcb_visibility_notify_event_t *);*/
 void    version(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
+void    win_to_ws(struct ws_win *, int, int);
 pid_t   window_get_pid(xcb_window_t);
 void    wkill(struct swm_region *, union arg *);
 void    workaround(void);
@@ -1181,6 +1208,19 @@ get_screen(int screen)
        return (NULL);
 }
 
+int
+get_screen_count(void)
+{
+       const xcb_setup_t       *r;
+
+       if ((r = xcb_get_setup(conn)) == NULL) {
+               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "get_screen_count: xcb_get_setup\n");
+               check_conn();
+       }
+
+       return xcb_setup_roots_length(r);
+}
+
 int
 get_region_index(struct swm_region *r)
 {
@@ -1275,7 +1315,7 @@ setup_ewmh(void)
        for (i = 0; i < LENGTH(ewmh); i++)
                ewmh[i].atom = get_atom_from_string(ewmh[i].name);
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
                /* Support check window will be created by workaround(). */
 
@@ -1299,7 +1339,7 @@ teardown_ewmh(void)
 
        sup_check = get_atom_from_string("_NET_SUPPORTING_WM_CHECK");
        sup_list = get_atom_from_string("_NET_SUPPORTED");
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
 
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
                /* Get the support check window and destroy it */
@@ -1378,12 +1418,12 @@ ewmh_set_win_fullscreen(struct ws_win *win, int fs)
 
        if (fs) {
                if (!win->g_floatvalid)
-                       store_float_geom(win, win->ws->r);
+                       store_float_geom(win);
 
                win->g = win->ws->r->g;
                win->bordered = 0;
        } else {
-               load_float_geom(win, win->ws->r);
+               load_float_geom(win);
        }
 
        return (1);
@@ -1648,7 +1688,7 @@ find_pid(pid_t pid)
 }
 
 uint32_t
-name_to_pixel(const char *colorname)
+name_to_pixel(int sidx, const char *colorname)
 {
        uint32_t                        result = 0;
        char                            cname[32] = "#";
@@ -1658,7 +1698,7 @@ name_to_pixel(const char *colorname)
        xcb_alloc_named_color_reply_t   *nr;
        uint16_t                        rr, gg, bb;
 
-       screen = xcb_setup_roots_iterator(xcb_get_setup(conn)).data;
+       screen = get_screen(sidx);
        cmap = screen->default_colormap;
 
        /* color is in format rgb://rr/gg/bb */
@@ -1700,15 +1740,15 @@ setscreencolor(char *val, int i, int c)
 {
        int     num_screens;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        if (i > 0 && i <= num_screens) {
-               screens[i - 1].c[c].pixel = name_to_pixel(val);
+               screens[i - 1].c[c].pixel = name_to_pixel(i - 1, val);
                free(screens[i - 1].c[c].name);
                if ((screens[i - 1].c[c].name = strdup(val)) == NULL)
                        err(1, "strdup");
        } else if (i == -1) {
                for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
-                       screens[i].c[c].pixel = name_to_pixel(val);
+                       screens[i].c[c].pixel = name_to_pixel(0, val);
                        free(screens[i].c[c].name);
                        if ((screens[i].c[c].name = strdup(val)) == NULL)
                                err(1, "strdup");
@@ -1751,7 +1791,7 @@ custom_region(char *val)
        int                             sidx, num_screens;
        xcb_screen_t                    *screen;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        if (sscanf(val, "screen[%d]:%ux%u+%u+%u", &sidx, &w, &h, &x, &y) != 5)
                errx(1, "invalid custom region, "
                    "should be 'screen[<n>]:<n>x<n>+<n>+<n>");
@@ -1966,12 +2006,12 @@ bar_window_name(char *s, size_t sz, struct swm_region *r)
        free(title);
 }
 
-int            urgent[SWM_WS_MAX];
 void
 bar_urgent(char *s, size_t sz)
 {
        struct ws_win           *win;
        int                     i, j, num_screens;
+       int                     urgent[SWM_WS_MAX];
        char                    b[8];
        xcb_get_property_cookie_t       c;
        xcb_icccm_wm_hints_t    hints;
@@ -1979,7 +2019,7 @@ bar_urgent(char *s, size_t sz)
        for (i = 0; i < workspace_limit; i++)
                urgent[i] = 0;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                for (j = 0; j < workspace_limit; j++)
                        TAILQ_FOREACH(win, &screens[i].ws[j].winlist, entry) {
@@ -2229,7 +2269,7 @@ bar_draw(void)
        /* expand the format by first passing it through strftime(3) */
        bar_fmt_expand(fmtexp, sizeof fmtexp);
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
                TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].rl, entry) {
                        if (r->bar == NULL)
@@ -2333,7 +2373,7 @@ bar_toggle(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
        }
 
        /* update bars as necessary */
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                TAILQ_FOREACH(tmpr, &screens[i].rl, entry)
                        if (tmpr->bar) {
@@ -2774,18 +2814,27 @@ quit(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
 }
 
 void
-map_window(struct ws_win *win)
+map_window(struct ws_win *win, xcb_window_t sibling)
 {
-       uint32_t        val = XCB_STACK_MODE_ABOVE;
+       uint16_t                mode = XCB_CONFIG_WINDOW_STACK_MODE;
+       uint32_t                val[2];
+       int                     i = 0;
+
+       /* If sibling is specified, stack right above it. */
+       if (sibling != XCB_WINDOW_NONE) {
+               mode |= XCB_CONFIG_WINDOW_SIBLING;
+               val[i++] = sibling;
+       }
+
+       val[i] = XCB_STACK_MODE_ABOVE;
 
        if (win == NULL)
                return;
 
-       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "map_window: win 0x%x, mapped: %s\n", win->id,
-           YESNO(win->mapped));
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "map_window: win 0x%x, mapped: %s, "
+           "sibling: 0x%x\n", win->id, YESNO(win->mapped), sibling);
 
-       xcb_configure_window(conn, win->id,
-           XCB_CONFIG_WINDOW_STACK_MODE, &val);
+       xcb_configure_window(conn, win->id, mode, val);
 
        if (win->mapped)
                return;
@@ -2818,7 +2867,7 @@ unmap_all(void)
        struct ws_win           *win;
        int                     i, j, num_screens;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                for (j = 0; j < workspace_limit; j++)
                        TAILQ_FOREACH(win, &screens[i].ws[j].winlist, entry)
@@ -2913,7 +2962,7 @@ root_to_region(xcb_window_t root, int check)
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "root_to_region: window: 0x%x\n", root);
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                if (screens[i].root == root)
                        break;
@@ -2956,6 +3005,8 @@ root_to_region(xcb_window_t root, int check)
        if (r == NULL && check & SWM_CK_FALLBACK)
                r = TAILQ_FIRST(&screens[i].rl);
 
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "root_to_region: idx: %d\n", get_region_index(r));
+
        return (r);
 }
 
@@ -2965,7 +3016,7 @@ find_unmanaged_window(xcb_window_t id)
        struct ws_win           *win;
        int                     i, j, num_screens;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                for (j = 0; j < workspace_limit; j++)
                        TAILQ_FOREACH(win, &screens[i].ws[j].unmanagedlist,
@@ -2982,7 +3033,7 @@ find_window(xcb_window_t id)
        int                     i, j, num_screens;
        xcb_query_tree_reply_t  *r;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                for (j = 0; j < workspace_limit; j++)
                        TAILQ_FOREACH(win, &screens[i].ws[j].winlist, entry)
@@ -3077,7 +3128,7 @@ kill_refs(struct ws_win *win)
        if (win == NULL)
                return;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].rl, entry)
                        for (x = 0; x < workspace_limit; x++) {
@@ -3100,7 +3151,7 @@ validate_win(struct ws_win *testwin)
        if (testwin == NULL)
                return (0);
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].rl, entry)
                        for (x = 0; x < workspace_limit; x++) {
@@ -3120,7 +3171,7 @@ validate_ws(struct workspace *testws)
        int                     i, x, num_screens;
 
        /* validate all ws */
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].rl, entry)
                        for (x = 0; x < workspace_limit; x++) {
@@ -3131,6 +3182,42 @@ validate_ws(struct workspace *testws)
        return (1);
 }
 
+xcb_window_t
+get_sibling(struct ws_win *win, int mode)
+{
+       struct ws_win           *w = win;
+
+       switch (mode) {
+       case SWM_STACK_TOP:
+               TAILQ_FOREACH_REVERSE(w, &w->ws->winlist, ws_win_list, entry)
+                       if (w != win && !w->floating && !w->iconic)
+                               break;
+               break;
+       case SWM_STACK_ABOVE:
+               do {
+                       w = TAILQ_NEXT(w, entry);
+               } while (w != NULL && (w == win || w->floating || w->iconic));
+               break;
+       case SWM_STACK_BELOW:
+               do {
+                       w = TAILQ_PREV(w, ws_win_list, entry);
+               } while (w != NULL && (w == win || w->floating || w->iconic));
+               break;
+       case SWM_STACK_BOTTOM:
+               TAILQ_FOREACH(w, &w->ws->winlist, entry)
+                       if (w != win && !w->floating && !w->iconic)
+                               break;
+               break;
+       default:
+               w = NULL;
+       }
+
+       if (w == NULL)
+               return (win->ws->r->id);
+       else
+               return (w->id);
+}
+
 void
 unfocus_win(struct ws_win *win)
 {
@@ -3162,6 +3249,8 @@ unfocus_win(struct ws_win *win)
        }
 
        if (win->ws->focus == win) {
+               if (tile_gap < 0 && !win->floating)
+                       map_window(win, get_sibling(win, SWM_STACK_BELOW));
                win->ws->focus = NULL;
                win->ws->focus_prev = win;
        }
@@ -3263,22 +3352,30 @@ focus_win(struct ws_win *win)
                    ws->always_raise) {
                        /* If a parent exists, map it first. */
                        if (parent) {
-                               map_window(parent);
+                               map_window(parent, XCB_WINDOW_NONE);
 
                                /* Map siblings next. */
                                TAILQ_FOREACH(w, &ws->winlist, entry)
                                        if (w != win && !w->iconic &&
                                            w->transient == parent->id)
-                                               map_window(w);
+                                               map_window(w, XCB_WINDOW_NONE);
                        }
 
                        /* Map focused window. */
-                       map_window(win);
+                       map_window(win, XCB_WINDOW_NONE);
 
                        /* Finally, map children of focus window. */
                        TAILQ_FOREACH(w, &ws->winlist, entry)
                                if (w->transient == win->id && !w->iconic)
-                                       map_window(w);
+                                       map_window(w, XCB_WINDOW_NONE);
+               } else if (tile_gap < 0 && !win->floating) {
+                       /*
+                        * Windows overlap in the layout.
+                        * Raise focused win above all tiled wins.
+                        */
+                       if (tile_gap < 0 && !win->floating)
+                               map_window(win,
+                                   get_sibling(win, SWM_STACK_TOP));
                }
 
                set_region(ws->r);
@@ -3389,7 +3486,7 @@ focus_region(struct swm_region *r)
                if (old_r)
                        unfocus_win(old_r->ws->focus);
 
-               xcb_set_input_focus(conn, XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT, r->s->root,
+               xcb_set_input_focus(conn, XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT, r->id,
                    XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
 
                /* Clear bar since empty. */
@@ -3400,10 +3497,11 @@ focus_region(struct swm_region *r)
 void
 switchws(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
 {
-       int                     wsid = args->id, unmap_old = 0;
        struct swm_region       *this_r, *other_r;
        struct ws_win           *win;
        struct workspace        *new_ws, *old_ws;
+       xcb_window_t            none = XCB_WINDOW_NONE;
+       int                     wsid = args->id, unmap_old = 0;
 
        if (!(r && r->s))
                return;
@@ -3423,7 +3521,14 @@ switchws(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
        if (new_ws == old_ws)
                return;
 
-       unfocus_win(old_ws->focus);
+       if ((win = old_ws->focus) != NULL) {
+               xcb_change_window_attributes(conn, win->id, XCB_CW_BORDER_PIXEL,
+                   &win->ws->r->s->c[SWM_S_COLOR_UNFOCUS].pixel);
+
+               xcb_change_property(conn, XCB_PROP_MODE_REPLACE, win->s->root,
+                   ewmh[_NET_ACTIVE_WINDOW].atom, XCB_ATOM_WINDOW, 32, 1,
+                   &none);
+       }
 
        other_r = new_ws->r;
        if (other_r == NULL) {
@@ -3440,9 +3545,13 @@ switchws(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
        this_r->ws = new_ws;
        new_ws->r = this_r;
 
-       /* Set focus_pending before stacking. */
-       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW)
+       /* Set focus_pending before stacking, if needed. */
+       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW && (!new_ws->focus_pending ||
+           validate_win(new_ws->focus_pending))) {
                new_ws->focus_pending = get_region_focus(new_ws->r);
+               new_ws->focus = new_ws->focus_prev;
+               new_ws->focus_prev = NULL;
+       }
 
        stack();
 
@@ -3455,17 +3564,16 @@ switchws(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
        if (old_ws->r && focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
                if (new_ws->focus_pending) {
                        focus_win(new_ws->focus_pending);
-               } else {
-                       /* Empty region, focus on root. */
-                       xcb_set_input_focus(conn, XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT,
-                           new_ws->r->s[new_ws->r->s->idx].root,
-                           XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
+                       new_ws->focus_pending = NULL;
                }
        }
 
-       /* Clear bar if new ws is empty. */
-       if (new_ws->focus_pending == NULL)
+       /* Clear bar and set focus on region input win if new ws is empty. */
+       if (new_ws->focus_pending == NULL && new_ws->focus == NULL) {
+               xcb_set_input_focus(conn, XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT, r->id,
+                   XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
                bar_draw();
+       }
 
        focus_flush();
 
@@ -3478,30 +3586,32 @@ cyclews(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
        union                   arg a;
        struct swm_screen       *s = r->s;
        int                     cycle_all = 0;
+       int                     move = 0;
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_WS, "cyclews: id: %d, screen[%d]:%dx%d+%d+%d, ws: %d\n",
            args->id, r->s->idx, WIDTH(r), HEIGHT(r), X(r), Y(r), r->ws->idx);
 
        a.id = r->ws->idx;
+
        do {
                switch (args->id) {
+               case SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_MOVE_UP:
+                       move = 1;
+                       /* FALLTHROUGH */
                case SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_UP_ALL:
                        cycle_all = 1;
                        /* FALLTHROUGH */
                case SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_UP:
-                       if (a.id < workspace_limit - 1)
-                               a.id++;
-                       else
-                               a.id = 0;
+                       a.id = (a.id < workspace_limit - 1) ? a.id + 1 : 0;
                        break;
+               case SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_MOVE_DOWN:
+                       move = 1;
+                       /* FALLTHROUGH */
                case SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_DOWN_ALL:
                        cycle_all = 1;
                        /* FALLTHROUGH */
                case SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_DOWN:
-                       if (a.id > 0)
-                               a.id--;
-                       else
-                               a.id = workspace_limit - 1;
+                       a.id = (a.id > 0) ? a.id - 1 : workspace_limit - 1;
                        break;
                default:
                        return;
@@ -3513,6 +3623,9 @@ cyclews(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
                if (!cycle_visible && s->ws[a.id].r != NULL)
                        continue;
 
+               if (move)
+                       send_to_ws(r, &a);
+
                switchws(r, &a);
        } while (a.id != r->ws->idx);
 }
@@ -3540,7 +3653,7 @@ focusrg(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
        int                     ridx = args->id, i, num_screens;
        struct swm_region       *rr = NULL;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        /* do nothing if we don't have more than one screen */
        if (!(num_screens > 1 || outputs > 1))
                return;
@@ -3548,7 +3661,7 @@ focusrg(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_FOCUS, "focusrg: id: %d\n", ridx);
 
        rr = TAILQ_FIRST(&r->s->rl);
-       for (i = 0; i < ridx; ++i)
+       for (i = 0; i < ridx && rr != NULL; ++i)
                rr = TAILQ_NEXT(rr, entry);
 
        if (rr == NULL)
@@ -3564,7 +3677,7 @@ cyclerg(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
        struct swm_region       *rr = NULL;
        int                     i, num_screens;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        /* do nothing if we don't have more than one screen */
        if (!(num_screens > 1 || outputs > 1))
                return;
@@ -3834,86 +3947,107 @@ focus(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
        struct ws_win           *head, *cur_focus = NULL, *winfocus = NULL;
        struct ws_win_list      *wl = NULL;
        struct workspace        *ws = NULL;
-       int                     all_iconics;
+       union arg               a;
+       int                     i;
+       xcb_icccm_wm_hints_t    hints;
 
        if (!(r && r->ws))
-               return;
+               goto out;
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_FOCUS, "focus: id: %d\n", args->id);
 
-       if ((cur_focus = r->ws->focus) == NULL)
-               return;
+       cur_focus = r->ws->focus;
        ws = r->ws;
        wl = &ws->winlist;
-       if (TAILQ_EMPTY(wl))
-               return;
-       /* make sure there is at least one uniconified window */
-       all_iconics = 1;
-       TAILQ_FOREACH(winfocus, wl, entry)
-               if (!winfocus->iconic) {
-                       all_iconics = 0;
-                       break;
-               }
-       if (all_iconics)
-               return;
+
+       /* Make sure an uniconified window has focus, if one exists. */
+       if (cur_focus == NULL) {
+               cur_focus = TAILQ_FIRST(wl);
+               while (cur_focus != NULL && cur_focus->iconic)
+                       cur_focus = TAILQ_NEXT(cur_focus, entry);
+       }
 
        switch (args->id) {
        case SWM_ARG_ID_FOCUSPREV:
-               head = TAILQ_PREV(cur_focus, ws_win_list, entry);
-               if (head == NULL)
-                       head = TAILQ_LAST(wl, ws_win_list);
-               winfocus = head;
-               if (WINID(winfocus) == cur_focus->transient) {
-                       head = TAILQ_PREV(winfocus, ws_win_list, entry);
-                       if (head == NULL)
-                               head = TAILQ_LAST(wl, ws_win_list);
-                       winfocus = head;
-               }
+               if (cur_focus == NULL)
+                       goto out;
 
-               /* skip iconics */
-               if (winfocus && winfocus->iconic) {
-                       while (winfocus != cur_focus) {
-                               if (winfocus == NULL)
-                                       winfocus = TAILQ_LAST(wl, ws_win_list);
-                               if (!winfocus->iconic)
-                                       break;
-                               winfocus = TAILQ_PREV(winfocus, ws_win_list,
-                                   entry);
-                       }
-               }
+               winfocus = cur_focus;
+               do {
+                       winfocus = TAILQ_PREV(winfocus, ws_win_list, entry);
+                       if (winfocus == NULL)
+                               winfocus = TAILQ_LAST(wl, ws_win_list);
+                       if (winfocus == cur_focus)
+                               break;
+               } while (winfocus != NULL &&
+                   (winfocus->iconic || winfocus->id == cur_focus->transient));
                break;
-
        case SWM_ARG_ID_FOCUSNEXT:
-               head = TAILQ_NEXT(cur_focus, entry);
-               if (head == NULL)
-                       head = TAILQ_FIRST(wl);
-               winfocus = head;
-
-               /* skip iconics */
-               if (winfocus && winfocus->iconic) {
-                       while (winfocus != cur_focus) {
-                               if (winfocus == NULL)
-                                       winfocus = TAILQ_FIRST(wl);
-                               if (!winfocus->iconic)
-                                       break;
-                               winfocus = TAILQ_NEXT(winfocus, entry);
-                       }
-               }
-               break;
+               if (cur_focus == NULL)
+                       goto out;
 
+               winfocus = cur_focus;
+               do {
+                       winfocus = TAILQ_NEXT(winfocus, entry);
+                       if (winfocus == NULL)
+                               winfocus = TAILQ_FIRST(wl);
+                       if (winfocus == cur_focus)
+                               break;
+               } while (winfocus != NULL &&
+                   (winfocus->iconic || winfocus->id == cur_focus->transient));
+               break;
        case SWM_ARG_ID_FOCUSMAIN:
+               if (cur_focus == NULL)
+                       goto out;
+
                winfocus = TAILQ_FIRST(wl);
                if (winfocus == cur_focus)
                        winfocus = cur_focus->ws->focus_prev;
                break;
+       case SWM_ARG_ID_FOCUSURGENT:
+               /* Search forward for the next urgent window. */
+               winfocus = NULL;
+               head = cur_focus;
+
+               for (i = 0; i <= workspace_limit; ++i) {
+                       if (head == NULL)
+                               head = TAILQ_FIRST(&r->s->ws[(ws->idx + i) %
+                                   workspace_limit].winlist);
+
+                       while (head != NULL &&
+                           (head = TAILQ_NEXT(head, entry)) != NULL) {
+                               if (head == cur_focus) {
+                                       winfocus = cur_focus;
+                                       break;
+                               }
+                               if (xcb_icccm_get_wm_hints_reply(conn,
+                                   xcb_icccm_get_wm_hints(conn, head->id),
+                                   &hints, NULL) != 0 &&
+                                   xcb_icccm_wm_hints_get_urgency(&hints)) {
+                                       winfocus = head;
+                                       break;
+                               }
+                       }
 
+                       if (winfocus != NULL)
+                               break;
+               }
+
+               /* Switch ws if new focus is on a different ws. */
+               if (winfocus != NULL && winfocus->ws != ws) {
+                       a.id = winfocus->ws->idx;
+                       switchws(r, &a);
+               }
+               break;
        default:
-               return;
+               goto out;
        }
 
        focus_win(get_focus_magic(winfocus));
-
        focus_flush();
+
+out:
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_FOCUS, "focus: done\n");
 }
 
 void
@@ -3967,7 +4101,7 @@ stack(void) {
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_STACK, "stack: begin\n");
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
 #ifdef SWM_DEBUG
                j = 0;
@@ -4000,15 +4134,15 @@ stack(void) {
 }
 
 void
-store_float_geom(struct ws_win *win, struct swm_region *r)
+store_float_geom(struct ws_win *win)
 {
-       if (win == NULL || r == NULL)
+       if (win == NULL || win->ws->r == NULL)
                return;
 
        /* retain window geom and region geom */
        win->g_float = win->g;
-       win->g_float.x -= X(r);
-       win->g_float.y -= Y(r);
+       win->g_float.x -= X(win->ws->r);
+       win->g_float.y -= Y(win->ws->r);
        win->g_floatvalid = 1;
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "store_float_geom: window: 0x%x, g: (%d,%d)"
            " %d x %d, g_float: (%d,%d) %d x %d\n", win->id, X(win), Y(win),
@@ -4017,15 +4151,15 @@ store_float_geom(struct ws_win *win, struct swm_region *r)
 }
 
 void
-load_float_geom(struct ws_win *win, struct swm_region *r)
+load_float_geom(struct ws_win *win)
 {
-       if (win == NULL || r == NULL)
+       if (win == NULL || win->ws->r == NULL)
                return;
 
        if (win->g_floatvalid) {
                win->g = win->g_float;
-               X(win) += X(r);
-               Y(win) += Y(r);
+               X(win) += X(win->ws->r);
+               Y(win) += Y(win->ws->r);
                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "load_float_geom: window: 0x%x, g: (%d,%d)"
                    "%d x %d\n", win->id, X(win), Y(win), WIDTH(win),
                    HEIGHT(win));
@@ -4050,7 +4184,7 @@ stack_floater(struct ws_win *win, struct swm_region *r)
        if (win->floatmaxed || (r != r->ws->old_r &&
            !(win->ewmh_flags & EWMH_F_FULLSCREEN))) {
                /* update geometry for the new region */
-               load_float_geom(win, r);
+               load_float_geom(win);
        }
 
        win->floatmaxed = 0;
@@ -4060,7 +4194,7 @@ stack_floater(struct ws_win *win, struct swm_region *r)
         */
        if (win->ewmh_flags & EWMH_F_FULLSCREEN) {
                if (!win->g_floatvalid)
-                       store_float_geom(win, win->ws->r);
+                       store_float_geom(win);
 
                win->g = r->g;
        }
@@ -4097,11 +4231,11 @@ stack_floater(struct ws_win *win, struct swm_region *r)
                X(win) = X(r) + (WIDTH(r) - WIDTH(win)) /  2 - BORDER(win);
                Y(win) = Y(r) + (HEIGHT(r) - HEIGHT(win)) / 2 - BORDER(win);
 
-               store_float_geom(win, r);
+               store_float_geom(win);
        }
 
-       /* keep window within region bounds */
-       constrain_window(win, r, 0);
+       /* Ensure at least 1 pixel of the window is in the region. */
+       region_containment(win, r, SWM_CW_ALLSIDES);
 
        update_window(win);
 }
@@ -4229,20 +4363,24 @@ stack_master(struct workspace *ws, struct swm_geometry *g, int rot, int flip)
                        colno = (winno - mwin) / stacks;
                        if (s <= (winno - mwin) % stacks)
                                colno++;
-                       split = split + colno;
-                       hrh = (r_g.h / colno);
+                       split += colno;
+                       hrh = r_g.h / colno;
                        extra = r_g.h - (colno * hrh);
-                       if (flip)
-                               win_g.x = r_g.x;
-                       else
+
+                       if (!flip)
                                win_g.x += win_g.w + 2 * border_width +
                                    tile_gap;
+
                        win_g.w = (r_g.w - msize -
                            (stacks * (2 * border_width + tile_gap))) / stacks;
                        if (s == 1)
                                win_g.w += (r_g.w - msize -
                                    (stacks * (2 * border_width + tile_gap))) %
                                    stacks;
+
+                       if (flip)
+                               win_g.x -= win_g.w + 2 * border_width +
+                                   tile_gap;
                        s--;
                        j = 0;
                }
@@ -4317,13 +4455,17 @@ stack_master(struct workspace *ws, struct swm_geometry *g, int rot, int flip)
                        update_window(win);
                }
 
-               map_window(win);
+               map_window(win, get_sibling(win, SWM_STACK_BELOW));
 
                last_h = win_g.h;
                i++;
                j++;
        }
 
+       /* Map/raise focused tiled window to top if windows could overlap. */
+       if (tile_gap < 0 && ws->focus != NULL && !ws->focus->floating)
+               map_window(ws->focus, get_sibling(ws->focus, SWM_STACK_TOP));
+
 notiles:
        /* now, stack all the floaters and transients */
        TAILQ_FOREACH(win, &ws->winlist, entry) {
@@ -4337,13 +4479,13 @@ notiles:
                }
 
                stack_floater(win, ws->r);
-               map_window(win);
+               map_window(win, XCB_WINDOW_NONE);
        }
 
        /* Make sure fs_win is stacked last so it's on top. */
        if (fs_win) {
                stack_floater(fs_win, ws->r);
-               map_window(fs_win);
+               map_window(fs_win, XCB_WINDOW_NONE);
        }
 }
 
@@ -4470,6 +4612,8 @@ max_stack(struct workspace *ws, struct swm_geometry *g)
                win = ws->focus_pending;
        else if (ws->focus)
                win = ws->focus;
+       else if (ws->focus_prev)
+               win = ws->focus_prev;
        else
                win = TAILQ_FIRST(&ws->winlist);
 
@@ -4484,14 +4628,14 @@ max_stack(struct workspace *ws, struct swm_geometry *g)
                        continue;
 
                if (!w->mapped && w != win)
-                       map_window(w);
+                       map_window(w, XCB_WINDOW_NONE);
 
                if (w->floating && !w->floatmaxed) {
                        /*
                         * retain geometry for retrieval on exit from
                         * max_stack mode
                         */
-                       store_float_geom(w, ws->r);
+                       store_float_geom(w);
                        w->floatmaxed = 1;
                }
 
@@ -4513,25 +4657,25 @@ max_stack(struct workspace *ws, struct swm_geometry *g)
 
        /* If a parent exists, map/raise it first. */
        if (parent) {
-               map_window(parent);
+               map_window(parent, XCB_WINDOW_NONE);
 
                /* Map siblings next. */
                TAILQ_FOREACH(w, &ws->winlist, entry)
                        if (w != win && !w->iconic &&
                            w->transient == parent->id) {
                                stack_floater(w, ws->r);
-                               map_window(w);
+                               map_window(w, XCB_WINDOW_NONE);
                        }
        }
 
        /* Map/raise focused window. */
-       map_window(win);
+       map_window(win, XCB_WINDOW_NONE);
 
        /* Finally, map/raise children of focus window. */
        TAILQ_FOREACH(w, &ws->winlist, entry)
                if (w->transient == win->id && !w->iconic) {
                        stack_floater(w, ws->r);
-                       map_window(w);
+                       map_window(w, XCB_WINDOW_NONE);
                }
 }
 
@@ -4542,7 +4686,7 @@ send_to_rg(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
        struct swm_region       *rr = NULL;
        union arg               a;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        /* do nothing if we don't have more than one screen */
        if (!(num_screens > 1 || outputs > 1))
                return;
@@ -4550,7 +4694,7 @@ send_to_rg(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_FOCUS, "send_to_rg: id: %d\n", ridx);
 
        rr = TAILQ_FIRST(&r->s->rl);
-       for (i = 0; i < ridx; ++i)
+       for (i = 0; i < ridx && rr != NULL; ++i)
                rr = TAILQ_NEXT(rr, entry);
 
        if (rr == NULL)
@@ -4561,31 +4705,74 @@ send_to_rg(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
        send_to_ws(r, &a);
 }
 
+struct swm_region *
+region_under(struct swm_screen *s, int x, int y)
+{
+       struct swm_region       *r = NULL;
+
+       TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &s->rl, entry) {
+               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "region_under: ws: %d, region g: (%d,%d) "
+                   "%d x %d, coords: (%d,%d)\n", r->ws->idx, X(r), Y(r),
+                   WIDTH(r), HEIGHT(r), x, y);
+               if (X(r) <= x && x < MAX_X(r))
+                       if (Y(r) <= y && y < MAX_Y(r))
+                               return (r);
+       }
+
+       return (NULL);
+}
+
 void
 send_to_ws(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
 {
        int                     wsid = args->id;
-       struct ws_win           *win = NULL, *parent;
-       struct workspace        *ws, *nws, *pws;
-       char                    ws_idx_str[SWM_PROPLEN];
-
-       if (wsid >= workspace_limit)
-               return;
+       struct ws_win           *win = NULL;
 
        if (r && r->ws && r->ws->focus)
                win = r->ws->focus;
        else
                return;
 
-       if (win->ws->idx == wsid)
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MOVE, "send_to_ws: win 0x%x, ws %d\n", win->id, wsid);
+
+       win_to_ws(win, wsid, 1);
+
+       /* Restack and set new focus. */
+       stack();
+
+       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
+               if (r->ws->focus_pending) {
+                       focus_win(r->ws->focus_pending);
+                       r->ws->focus_pending = NULL;
+               } else {
+                       xcb_set_input_focus(conn,
+                           XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT, r->id,
+                           XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
+               }
+       }
+
+       focus_flush();
+}
+
+void
+win_to_ws(struct ws_win *win, int wsid, int unfocus)
+{
+       struct ws_win           *parent;
+       struct workspace        *ws, *nws, *pws;
+       char                    ws_idx_str[SWM_PROPLEN];
+
+       if (wsid >= workspace_limit)
                return;
 
-       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MOVE, "send_to_ws: win 0x%x, ws %d -> %d\n", win->id,
-           win->ws->idx, wsid);
+       if (win->ws->idx == wsid)
+               return;
 
        ws = win->ws;
        nws = &win->s->ws[wsid];
 
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MOVE, "win_to_ws: win 0x%x, ws %d -> %d\n", win->id,
+           ws->idx, wsid);
+
        /* Update the window's workspace property: _SWM_WS */
        if (snprintf(ws_idx_str, SWM_PROPLEN, "%d", nws->idx) < SWM_PROPLEN) {
                if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW)
@@ -4604,11 +4791,10 @@ send_to_ws(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
 
                                        unfocus_win(parent);
 
-                                       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW)
+                                       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
                                                pws->focus = pws->focus_pending;
-
-                                       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW)
                                                pws->focus_pending = NULL;
+                                       }
                                }
 
                                /* Don't unmap parent if new ws is visible */
@@ -4620,7 +4806,7 @@ send_to_ws(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
                                TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&nws->winlist, parent, entry);
                                parent->ws = nws;
 
-                               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_PROP, "send_to_ws: set "
+                               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_PROP, "win_to_ws: set "
                                    "property: _SWM_WS: %s\n", ws_idx_str);
                                xcb_change_property(conn, XCB_PROP_MODE_REPLACE,
                                    parent->id, a_swm_ws, XCB_ATOM_STRING, 8,
@@ -4628,7 +4814,8 @@ send_to_ws(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
                        }
                }
 
-               unfocus_win(win);
+               if (unfocus)
+                       unfocus_win(win);
 
                /* Don't unmap if new ws is visible */
                if (nws->r == NULL)
@@ -4643,24 +4830,14 @@ send_to_ws(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
                unfocus_win(nws->focus);
                nws->focus = win;
 
-               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_PROP, "send_to_ws: set property: _SWM_WS: %s\n",
+               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_PROP, "win_to_ws: set property: _SWM_WS: %s\n",
                    ws_idx_str);
                xcb_change_property(conn, XCB_PROP_MODE_REPLACE, win->id,
                    a_swm_ws, XCB_ATOM_STRING, 8, strlen(ws_idx_str),
                    ws_idx_str);
-
-               /* Restack and set new focus. */
-               stack();
-
-               if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
-                       focus_win(ws->focus_pending);
-                       ws->focus_pending = NULL;
-               }
-
-               focus_flush();
        }
 
-       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MOVE, "send_to_ws: done.\n");
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MOVE, "win_to_ws: done.\n");
 }
 
 void
@@ -4715,7 +4892,7 @@ get_win_name(xcb_window_t win)
        xcb_get_property_reply_t        *r;
 
        /* First try _NET_WM_NAME for UTF-8. */
-       c = xcb_get_property(conn, 0, win, a_netwmname,
+       c = xcb_get_property(conn, 0, win, ewmh[_NET_WM_NAME].atom,
            XCB_GET_PROPERTY_TYPE_ANY, 0, UINT_MAX);
        r = xcb_get_property_reply(conn, c, NULL);
 
@@ -4966,7 +5143,7 @@ search_win(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
 }
 
 void
-search_resp_uniconify(const char *resp, unsigned long len)
+search_resp_uniconify(const char *resp, size_t len)
 {
        char                    *name;
        struct ws_win           *win;
@@ -4996,7 +5173,7 @@ search_resp_uniconify(const char *resp, unsigned long len)
 }
 
 void
-search_resp_name_workspace(const char *resp, unsigned long len)
+search_resp_name_workspace(const char *resp, size_t len)
 {
        struct workspace        *ws;
 
@@ -5092,7 +5269,7 @@ search_do_resp(void)
 {
        ssize_t                 rbytes;
        char                    *resp;
-       unsigned long           len;
+       size_t                  len;
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "search_do_resp:\n");
 
@@ -5164,16 +5341,12 @@ wkill(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
 int
 floating_toggle_win(struct ws_win *win)
 {
-       struct swm_region       *r;
-
        if (win == NULL)
                return (0);
 
        if (!win->ws->r)
                return (0);
 
-       r = win->ws->r;
-
        /* reject floating toggles in max stack mode */
        if (win->ws->cur_layout == &layouts[SWM_MAX_STACK])
                return (0);
@@ -5181,11 +5354,11 @@ floating_toggle_win(struct ws_win *win)
        if (win->floating) {
                if (!win->floatmaxed) {
                        /* retain position for refloat */
-                       store_float_geom(win, r);
+                       store_float_geom(win);
                }
                win->floating = 0;
        } else {
-               load_float_geom(win, r);
+               load_float_geom(win);
                win->floating = 1;
        }
 
@@ -5220,37 +5393,85 @@ floating_toggle(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
 }
 
 void
-constrain_window(struct ws_win *win, struct swm_region *r, int resizable)
+region_containment(struct ws_win *win, struct swm_region *r, int opts)
 {
-       if (MAX_X(win) + BORDER(win) > MAX_X(r)) {
-               if (resizable)
-                       WIDTH(win) = MAX_X(r) - X(win) - BORDER(win);
+       struct swm_geometry             g = r->g;
+       int                             rt, lt, tp, bm, bw;
+
+       bw = (opts & SWM_CW_SOFTBOUNDARY) ? boundary_width : 0;
+
+       /*
+        * Perpendicular distance of each side of the window to the respective
+        * side of the region boundary.  Positive values indicate the side of
+        * the window has passed beyond the region boundary.
+        */
+       rt = opts & SWM_CW_RIGHT ? MAX_X(win) + BORDER(win) - MAX_X(r) : bw;
+       lt = opts & SWM_CW_LEFT ? X(r) - X(win) + BORDER(win) : bw;
+       bm = opts & SWM_CW_BOTTOM ? MAX_Y(win) + BORDER(win) - MAX_Y(r) : bw;
+       tp = opts & SWM_CW_TOP ? Y(r) - Y(win) + BORDER(win) : bw;
+
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "region_containment: win 0x%x, rt: %d, lt: %d, "
+           "bm: %d, tp: %d, SOFTBOUNDARY: %s, HARDBOUNDARY: %s\n", win->id, rt,
+           lt, bm, tp, YESNO(opts & SWM_CW_SOFTBOUNDARY),
+           YESNO(opts & SWM_CW_HARDBOUNDARY));
+
+       /*
+        * Disable containment if any of the flagged sides went beyond the
+        * containment boundary, or if containment is disabled.
+        */
+       if (!(opts & SWM_CW_HARDBOUNDARY || opts & SWM_CW_SOFTBOUNDARY) ||
+           (bw != 0 && ((rt > bw) || (lt > bw) || (bm > bw) || (tp > bw)))) {
+               /* Make sure window has at least 1 pixel in the region */
+               g.x += 1 - WIDTH(win);
+               g.y += 1 - HEIGHT(win);
+               g.w += 2 * WIDTH(win) - 2;
+               g.h += 2 * HEIGHT(win) - 2;
+       }
+
+       constrain_window(win, &g, &opts);
+}
+
+/* Move or resize a window so that flagged side(s) fit into the supplied box. */
+void
+constrain_window(struct ws_win *win, struct swm_geometry *b, int *opts)
+{
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_MISC, "constrain_window: window: 0x%x, (x,y) w x h: "
+           "(%d,%d) %d x %d, box: (x,y) w x h: (%d,%d) %d x %d, rt: %s, "
+           "lt: %s, bt: %s, tp: %s, allow resize: %s\n", win->id, X(win),
+           Y(win), WIDTH(win), HEIGHT(win), b->x, b->y, b->w, b->h,
+           YESNO(*opts & SWM_CW_RIGHT), YESNO(*opts & SWM_CW_LEFT),
+           YESNO(*opts & SWM_CW_BOTTOM), YESNO(*opts & SWM_CW_TOP),
+           YESNO(*opts & SWM_CW_RESIZABLE));
+
+       if ((*opts & SWM_CW_RIGHT) && MAX_X(win) + BORDER(win) > b->x + b->w) {
+               if (*opts & SWM_CW_RESIZABLE)
+                       WIDTH(win) = b->x + b->w - X(win) - BORDER(win);
                else
-                       X(win) = MAX_X(r)- WIDTH(win) - BORDER(win);
+                       X(win) = b->x + b->w - WIDTH(win) - BORDER(win);
        }
 
-       if (X(win) + BORDER(win) < X(r)) {
-               if (resizable)
-                       WIDTH(win) -= X(r) - X(win) - BORDER(win);
+       if ((*opts & SWM_CW_LEFT) && X(win) + BORDER(win) < b->x) {
+               if (*opts & SWM_CW_RESIZABLE)
+                       WIDTH(win) -= b->x - X(win) - BORDER(win);
 
-               X(win) = X(r) - BORDER(win);
+               X(win) = b->x - BORDER(win);
        }
 
-       if (MAX_Y(win) + BORDER(win) > MAX_Y(r)) {
-               if (resizable)
-                       HEIGHT(win) = MAX_Y(r) - Y(win) - BORDER(win);
+       if ((*opts & SWM_CW_BOTTOM) && MAX_Y(win) + BORDER(win) > b->y + b->h) {
+               if (*opts & SWM_CW_RESIZABLE)
+                       HEIGHT(win) = b->y + b->h - Y(win) - BORDER(win);
                else
-                       Y(win) = MAX_Y(r) - HEIGHT(win) - BORDER(win);
+                       Y(win) = b->y + b->h - HEIGHT(win) - BORDER(win);
        }
 
-       if (Y(win) + BORDER(win) < Y(r)) {
-               if (resizable)
-                       HEIGHT(win) -= Y(r) - Y(win) - BORDER(win);
+       if ((*opts & SWM_CW_TOP) && Y(win) + BORDER(win) < b->y) {
+               if (*opts & SWM_CW_RESIZABLE)
+                       HEIGHT(win) -= b->y - Y(win) - BORDER(win);
 
-               Y(win) = Y(r) - BORDER(win);
+               Y(win) = b->y - BORDER(win);
        }
 
-       if (resizable) {
+       if (*opts & SWM_CW_RESIZABLE) {
                if (WIDTH(win) < 1)
                        WIDTH(win) = 1;
                if (HEIGHT(win) < 1)
@@ -5292,7 +5513,7 @@ resize(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
        int                     top = 0, left = 0, resizing;
        int                     dx, dy;
        xcb_cursor_t                    cursor;
-       xcb_query_pointer_reply_t       *xpr;
+       xcb_query_pointer_reply_t       *xpr = NULL;
        xcb_generic_event_t             *evt;
        xcb_motion_notify_event_t       *mne;
 
@@ -5322,6 +5543,12 @@ resize(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
 
        focus_flush();
 
+       /* It's possible for win to have been freed during focus_flush(). */
+       if (validate_win(win)) {
+               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "resize: invalid win.\n");
+               goto out;
+       }
+
        switch (args->id) {
        case SWM_ARG_ID_WIDTHSHRINK:
                WIDTH(win) -= SWM_RESIZE_STEPS;
@@ -5343,12 +5570,17 @@ resize(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
                break;
        }
        if (resize_stp) {
-               constrain_window(win, r, 1);
+               region_containment(win, r, SWM_CW_ALLSIDES | SWM_CW_RESIZABLE |
+                   SWM_CW_HARDBOUNDARY);
                update_window(win);
-               store_float_geom(win,r);
+               store_float_geom(win);
                return;
        }
 
+       region_containment(win, r, SWM_CW_ALLSIDES | SWM_CW_RESIZABLE |
+           SWM_CW_SOFTBOUNDARY);
+       update_window(win);
+
        /* get cursor offset from window root */
        xpr = xcb_query_pointer_reply(conn, xcb_query_pointer(conn, win->id),
            NULL);
@@ -5378,7 +5610,7 @@ resize(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
 
        xcb_flush(conn);
        resizing = 1;
-       while ((evt = xcb_wait_for_event(conn)) && resizing) {
+       while (resizing && (evt = xcb_wait_for_event(conn))) {
                switch (XCB_EVENT_RESPONSE_TYPE(evt)) {
                case XCB_BUTTON_RELEASE:
                        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "resize: BUTTON_RELEASE\n");
@@ -5430,27 +5662,37 @@ resize(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
                                WIDTH(win) = g.w + dx;
                        }
 
-                       constrain_window(win, r, 1);
-
                        /* not free, don't sync more than 120 times / second */
                        if ((mne->time - timestamp) > (1000 / 120) ) {
                                timestamp = mne->time;
+                               regionize(win, mne->root_x, mne->root_y);
+                               region_containment(win, r, SWM_CW_ALLSIDES |
+                                   SWM_CW_RESIZABLE | SWM_CW_HARDBOUNDARY |
+                                   SWM_CW_SOFTBOUNDARY);
                                update_window(win);
                                xcb_flush(conn);
                        }
                        break;
                default:
                        event_handle(evt);
+
+                       /* It's possible for win to have been freed above. */
+                       if (validate_win(win)) {
+                               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "resize: invalid win.\n");
+                               goto out;
+                       }
                        break;
                }
                free(evt);
        }
        if (timestamp) {
+               region_containment(win, r, SWM_CW_ALLSIDES | SWM_CW_RESIZABLE |
+                   SWM_CW_HARDBOUNDARY | SWM_CW_SOFTBOUNDARY);
                update_window(win);
                xcb_flush(conn);
        }
-       store_float_geom(win,r);
-
+       store_float_geom(win);
+out:
        xcb_ungrab_pointer(conn, XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
        free(xpr);
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "resize: done.\n");
@@ -5470,6 +5712,23 @@ resize_step(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args)
        focus_flush();
 }
 
+/* Try to set window region based on supplied coordinates or window center. */
+void
+regionize(struct ws_win *win, int x, int y)
+{
+       struct swm_region *r = NULL;
+
+       r = region_under(win->s, x, y);
+       if (r == NULL)
+               r = region_under(win->s, X(win) + WIDTH(win) / 2,
+                   Y(win) + HEIGHT(win) / 2);
+
+       if (r && r != win->ws->r) {
+               win_to_ws(win, r->ws->idx, 0);
+               set_region(r);
+       }
+}
+
 #define SWM_MOVE_STEPS (50)
 
 void
@@ -5477,14 +5736,12 @@ move(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
 {
        xcb_timestamp_t         timestamp = 0;
        int                     move_stp = 0, moving;
-       struct swm_region       *r = NULL;
-       xcb_query_pointer_reply_t       *qpr;
+       xcb_query_pointer_reply_t       *qpr = NULL;
        xcb_generic_event_t             *evt;
        xcb_motion_notify_event_t       *mne;
 
        if (win == NULL)
                return;
-       r = win->ws->r;
 
        if (win->ewmh_flags & EWMH_F_FULLSCREEN)
                return;
@@ -5496,19 +5753,28 @@ move(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
        if (win->ws->cur_layout == &layouts[SWM_MAX_STACK] && !win->transient)
                return;
 
-       win->manual = 1;
+       if (!win->manual) {
+               win->manual = 1;
+               ewmh_update_win_state(win, ewmh[_SWM_WM_STATE_MANUAL].atom,
+                   _NET_WM_STATE_ADD);
+       }
+
+       /* When a stacked win is moved, float it and restack. */
        if (!win->floating && !win->transient) {
-               store_float_geom(win, r);
+               store_float_geom(win);
                ewmh_update_win_state(win, ewmh[_NET_WM_STATE_ABOVE].atom,
                    _NET_WM_STATE_ADD);
+               stack();
        }
-       ewmh_update_win_state(win, ewmh[_SWM_WM_STATE_MANUAL].atom,
-           _NET_WM_STATE_ADD);
-
-       stack();
 
        focus_flush();
 
+       /* It's possible for win to have been freed during focus_flush(). */
+       if (validate_win(win)) {
+               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "move: invalid win.\n");
+               goto out;
+       }
+
        move_stp = 0;
        switch (args->id) {
        case SWM_ARG_ID_MOVELEFT:
@@ -5531,9 +5797,10 @@ move(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
                break;
        }
        if (move_stp) {
-               constrain_window(win, r, 0);
+               regionize(win, -1, -1);
+               region_containment(win, win->ws->r, SWM_CW_ALLSIDES);
                update_window(win);
-               store_float_geom(win, r);
+               store_float_geom(win);
                return;
        }
 
@@ -5549,9 +5816,13 @@ move(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
                return;
        }
 
+       regionize(win, qpr->root_x, qpr->root_y);
+       region_containment(win, win->ws->r, SWM_CW_ALLSIDES |
+           SWM_CW_SOFTBOUNDARY);
+       update_window(win);
        xcb_flush(conn);
        moving = 1;
-       while ((evt = xcb_wait_for_event(conn)) && moving) {
+       while (moving && (evt = xcb_wait_for_event(conn))) {
                switch (XCB_EVENT_RESPONSE_TYPE(evt)) {
                case XCB_BUTTON_RELEASE:
                        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "move: BUTTON_RELEASE\n");
@@ -5559,29 +5830,40 @@ move(struct ws_win *win, union arg *args)
                        break;
                case XCB_MOTION_NOTIFY:
                        mne = (xcb_motion_notify_event_t *)evt;
+                       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "motion: root: 0x%x\n", mne->root);
                        X(win) = mne->root_x - qpr->win_x - border_width;
                        Y(win) = mne->root_y - qpr->win_y - border_width;
 
-                       constrain_window(win, r, 0);
-
                        /* not free, don't sync more than 120 times / second */
                        if ((mne->time - timestamp) > (1000 / 120) ) {
                                timestamp = mne->time;
+                               regionize(win, mne->root_x, mne->root_y);
+                               region_containment(win, win->ws->r,
+                                   SWM_CW_ALLSIDES | SWM_CW_SOFTBOUNDARY);
                                update_window(win);
                                xcb_flush(conn);
                        }
                        break;
                default:
                        event_handle(evt);
+
+                       /* It's possible for win to have been freed above. */
+                       if (validate_win(win)) {
+                               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "move: invalid win.\n");
+                               goto out;
+                       }
                        break;
                }
                free(evt);
        }
        if (timestamp) {
+               region_containment(win, win->ws->r, SWM_CW_ALLSIDES |
+                   SWM_CW_SOFTBOUNDARY);
                update_window(win);
                xcb_flush(conn);
        }
-       store_float_geom(win, r);
+       store_float_geom(win);
+out:
        free(qpr);
        xcb_ungrab_pointer(conn, XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "move: done.\n");
@@ -5620,6 +5902,7 @@ struct keyfunc {
        { "focus_main",         focus,          {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_FOCUSMAIN} },
        { "focus_next",         focus,          {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_FOCUSNEXT} },
        { "focus_prev",         focus,          {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_FOCUSPREV} },
+       { "focus_urgent",       focus,          {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_FOCUSURGENT} },
        { "height_grow",        resize_step,    {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_HEIGHTGROW} },
        { "height_shrink",      resize_step,    {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_HEIGHTSHRINK} },
        { "iconify",            iconify,        {0} },
@@ -5718,8 +6001,10 @@ struct keyfunc {
        { "ws_22",              switchws,       {.id = 21} },
        { "ws_next",            cyclews,        {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_UP} },
        { "ws_next_all",        cyclews,        {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_UP_ALL} },
+       { "ws_next_move",       cyclews,        {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_MOVE_UP} },
        { "ws_prev",            cyclews,        {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_DOWN} },
        { "ws_prev_all",        cyclews,        {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_DOWN_ALL} },
+       { "ws_prev_move",       cyclews,        {.id = SWM_ARG_ID_CYCLEWS_MOVE_DOWN} },
        { "ws_prior",           priorws,        {0} },
        { "dumpwins",           dumpwins,       {0} }, /* MUST BE LAST */
        { "invalid key func",   NULL,           {0} },
@@ -5783,7 +6068,7 @@ spawn_expand(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args, const char *spawn_name,
     char ***ret_args)
 {
        struct spawn_prog       *prog = NULL;
-       int                     i;
+       int                     i, c;
        char                    *ap, **real_args;
 
        /* suppress unused warning since var is needed */
@@ -5806,62 +6091,68 @@ spawn_expand(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args, const char *spawn_name,
                err(1, "spawn_custom: calloc real_args");
 
        /* expand spawn_args into real_args */
-       for (i = 0; i < prog->argc; i++) {
+       for (i = c = 0; i < prog->argc; i++) {
                ap = prog->argv[i];
                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "spawn_custom: raw arg: %s\n", ap);
                if (!strcasecmp(ap, "$bar_border")) {
-                       if ((real_args[i] =
+                       if ((real_args[c] =
                            strdup(r->s->c[SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_BORDER].name))
                            == NULL)
                                err(1,  "spawn_custom border color");
                } else if (!strcasecmp(ap, "$bar_color")) {
-                       if ((real_args[i] =
+                       if ((real_args[c] =
                            strdup(r->s->c[SWM_S_COLOR_BAR].name))
                            == NULL)
                                err(1, "spawn_custom bar color");
                } else if (!strcasecmp(ap, "$bar_font")) {
-                       if ((real_args[i] = strdup(bar_fonts))
+                       if ((real_args[c] = strdup(bar_fonts))
                            == NULL)
                                err(1, "spawn_custom bar fonts");
                } else if (!strcasecmp(ap, "$bar_font_color")) {
-                       if ((real_args[i] =
+                       if ((real_args[c] =
                            strdup(r->s->c[SWM_S_COLOR_BAR_FONT].name))
                            == NULL)
                                err(1, "spawn_custom color font");
                } else if (!strcasecmp(ap, "$color_focus")) {
-                       if ((real_args[i] =
+                       if ((real_args[c] =
                            strdup(r->s->c[SWM_S_COLOR_FOCUS].name))
                            == NULL)
                                err(1, "spawn_custom color focus");
                } else if (!strcasecmp(ap, "$color_unfocus")) {
-                       if ((real_args[i] =
+                       if ((real_args[c] =
                            strdup(r->s->c[SWM_S_COLOR_UNFOCUS].name))
                            == NULL)
                                err(1, "spawn_custom color unfocus");
                } else if (!strcasecmp(ap, "$region_index")) {
-                       if (asprintf(&real_args[i], "%d",
+                       if (asprintf(&real_args[c], "%d",
                            get_region_index(r) + 1) < 1)
                                err(1, "spawn_custom region index");
                } else if (!strcasecmp(ap, "$workspace_index")) {
-                       if (asprintf(&real_args[i], "%d", r->ws->idx + 1) < 1)
+                       if (asprintf(&real_args[c], "%d", r->ws->idx + 1) < 1)
+                               err(1, "spawn_custom workspace index");
+               } else if (!strcasecmp(ap, "$dmenu_bottom")) {
+                       if (!bar_at_bottom)
+                               continue;
+                       if ((real_args[c] = strdup("-b")) == NULL)
                                err(1, "spawn_custom workspace index");
                } else {
                        /* no match --> copy as is */
-                       if ((real_args[i] = strdup(ap)) == NULL)
+                       if ((real_args[c] = strdup(ap)) == NULL)
                                err(1, "spawn_custom strdup(ap)");
                }
                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "spawn_custom: cooked arg: %s\n",
-                   real_args[i]);
+                   real_args[c]);
+               ++c;
        }
 
 #ifdef SWM_DEBUG
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "spawn_custom: result: ");
-       for (i = 0; i < prog->argc; i++)
-               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "\"%s\" ", real_args[i]);
-       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "\n");
+       for (i = 0; i < c; ++i)
+               DPRINTF("\"%s\" ", real_args[i]);
+       DPRINTF("\n");
 #endif
        *ret_args = real_args;
-       return (prog->argc);
+       return (c);
 }
 
 void
@@ -5926,7 +6217,7 @@ spawn_select(struct swm_region *r, union arg *args, const char *spawn_name,
 }
 
 void
-spawn_insert(const char *name, const char *args)
+spawn_insert(const char *name, const char *args, int flags)
 {
        char                    *arg, *cp, *ptr;
        struct spawn_prog       *sp;
@@ -5955,6 +6246,8 @@ spawn_insert(const char *name, const char *args)
        }
        free(cp);
 
+       sp->flags = flags;
+
        TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(&spawns, sp, entry);
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "spawn_insert: leave\n");
 }
@@ -5976,19 +6269,20 @@ spawn_remove(struct spawn_prog *sp)
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "spawn_remove: leave\n");
 }
 
-void
-spawn_replace(struct spawn_prog *sp, const char *name, const char *args)
+struct spawn_prog*
+spawn_find(const char *name)
 {
-       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "spawn_replace: %s [%s]\n", sp->name, name);
+       struct spawn_prog       *sp;
 
-       spawn_remove(sp);
-       spawn_insert(name, args);
+       TAILQ_FOREACH(sp, &spawns, entry)
+               if (!strcasecmp(sp->name, name))
+                       return sp;
 
-       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "spawn_replace: leave\n");
+       return NULL;
 }
 
 void
-setspawn(const char *name, const char *args)
+setspawn(const char *name, const char *args, int flags)
 {
        struct spawn_prog       *sp;
 
@@ -5997,22 +6291,15 @@ setspawn(const char *name, const char *args)
        if (name == NULL)
                return;
 
-       TAILQ_FOREACH(sp, &spawns, entry) {
-               if (!strcmp(sp->name, name)) {
-                       if (*args == '\0')
-                               spawn_remove(sp);
-                       else
-                               spawn_replace(sp, name, args);
-                       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "setspawn: leave\n");
-                       return;
-               }
-       }
-       if (*args == '\0') {
+       /* Remove any old spawn under the same name. */
+       if ((sp = spawn_find(name)) != NULL)
+               spawn_remove(sp);
+
+       if (*args != '\0')
+               spawn_insert(name, args, flags);
+       else
                warnx("error: setspawn: cannot find program: %s", name);
-               return;
-       }
 
-       spawn_insert(name, args);
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "setspawn: leave\n");
 }
 
@@ -6020,50 +6307,78 @@ int
 setconfspawn(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
 {
        char            *args;
-       char            which[PATH_MAX];
-       size_t          i;
 
        args = expand_tilde(value);
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "setconfspawn: [%s] [%s]\n", selector, args);
 
-       /* verify we have the goods */
-       snprintf(which, sizeof which, "which %s", value);
-       for (i = strlen("which "); i < strlen(which); i++)
-               if (which[i] == ' ') {
-                       which[i] = '\0';
-                       break;
-               }
-       if (flags == 0 && system(which) != 0)
-               add_startup_exception("could not find %s",
-                   &which[strlen("which ")]);
-
-       setspawn(selector, args);
+       setspawn(selector, args, flags);
        free(args);
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_SPAWN, "setconfspawn: done.\n");
        return (0);
 }
 
+void
+validate_spawns(void)
+{
+       struct spawn_prog       *sp;
+       char                    which[PATH_MAX];
+       size_t                  i;
+
+       struct key              *kp;
+
+       RB_FOREACH(kp, key_tree, &keys) {
+               if (kp->funcid != KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM)
+                       continue;
+
+               /* find program */
+               sp = spawn_find(kp->spawn_name);
+               if (sp == NULL || sp->flags & SWM_SPAWN_OPTIONAL)
+                       continue;
+
+               /* verify we have the goods */
+               snprintf(which, sizeof which, "which %s", sp->argv[0]);
+               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_CONF, "validate_spawns: which %s\n",
+                   sp->argv[0]);
+               for (i = strlen("which "); i < strlen(which); i++)
+                       if (which[i] == ' ') {
+                               which[i] = '\0';
+                               break;
+                       }
+               if (system(which) != 0)
+                       add_startup_exception("could not find %s",
+                           &which[strlen("which ")]);
+       }
+}
+
 void
 setup_spawn(void)
 {
+       setconfspawn("lock",            "xlock",                0);
+
        setconfspawn("term",            "xterm",                0);
        setconfspawn("spawn_term",      "xterm",                0);
+
        setconfspawn("menu",            "dmenu_run"
+                                       " $dmenu_bottom"
                                        " -fn $bar_font"
                                        " -nb $bar_color"
                                        " -nf $bar_font_color"
                                        " -sb $bar_border"
                                        " -sf $bar_color",      0);
+
        setconfspawn("search",          "dmenu"
+                                       " $dmenu_bottom"
                                        " -i"
                                        " -fn $bar_font"
                                        " -nb $bar_color"
                                        " -nf $bar_font_color"
                                        " -sb $bar_border"
                                        " -sf $bar_color",      0);
+
        setconfspawn("name_workspace",  "dmenu"
+                                       " $dmenu_bottom"
                                        " -p Workspace"
                                        " -fn $bar_font"
                                        " -nb $bar_color"
@@ -6071,11 +6386,10 @@ setup_spawn(void)
                                        " -sb $bar_border"
                                        " -sf $bar_color",      0);
 
-       /* these are not verified for existence */
-       setconfspawn("lock",            "xlock",                1);
-       setconfspawn("screenshot_all",  "screenshot.sh full",   1);
-       setconfspawn("screenshot_wind", "screenshot.sh window", 1);
-       setconfspawn("initscr",         "initscreen.sh",        1);
+        /* These are not verified for existence, even with a binding set. */
+       setconfspawn("screenshot_all",  "screenshot.sh full",   SWM_SPAWN_OPTIONAL);
+       setconfspawn("screenshot_wind", "screenshot.sh window", SWM_SPAWN_OPTIONAL);
+       setconfspawn("initscr",         "initscreen.sh",        SWM_SPAWN_OPTIONAL);
 }
 
 /* key bindings */
@@ -6249,8 +6563,8 @@ setconfbinding(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
        for (kfid = 0; kfid < KF_INVALID; (kfid)++) {
                if (strncasecmp(selector, keyfuncs[kfid].name,
                    SWM_FUNCNAME_LEN) == 0) {
-                       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "setconfbinding: %s: match\n",
-                           selector);
+                       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "setconfbinding: %s: match "
+                           "keyfunc\n", selector);
                        if (parsekeys(value, mod_key, &mod, &ks) == 0) {
                                setkeybinding(mod, ks, kfid, NULL);
                                return (0);
@@ -6259,17 +6573,15 @@ setconfbinding(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
                }
        }
        /* search by custom spawn name */
-       TAILQ_FOREACH(sp, &spawns, entry) {
-               if (strcasecmp(selector, sp->name) == 0) {
-                       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "setconfbinding: %s: match\n",
-                           selector);
-                       if (parsekeys(value, mod_key, &mod, &ks) == 0) {
-                               setkeybinding(mod, ks, KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,
-                                   sp->name);
-                               return (0);
-                       } else
-                               return (1);
-               }
+       if ((sp = spawn_find(selector)) != NULL) {
+               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "setconfbinding: %s: match "
+                   "spawn\n", selector);
+               if (parsekeys(value, mod_key, &mod, &ks) == 0) {
+                       setkeybinding(mod, ks, KF_SPAWN_CUSTOM,
+                           sp->name);
+                       return (0);
+               } else
+                       return (1);
        }
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "setconfbinding: no match\n");
        return (1);
@@ -6290,6 +6602,7 @@ setup_keys(void)
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_Tab,         KF_FOCUS_NEXT,  NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_k,           KF_FOCUS_PREV,  NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_Tab,         KF_FOCUS_PREV,  NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_u,           KF_FOCUS_URGENT,NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_equal,       KF_HEIGHT_GROW,NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_minus,       KF_HEIGHT_SHRINK,NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_w,           KF_ICONIFY,     NULL);
@@ -6393,6 +6706,8 @@ setup_keys(void)
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_Left,        KF_WS_PREV,     NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_Up,          KF_WS_NEXT_ALL, NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_Down,        KF_WS_PREV_ALL, NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_Up,          KF_WS_NEXT_MOVE,NULL);
+       setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_Down,        KF_WS_PREV_MOVE,NULL);
        setkeybinding(MODKEY,           XK_a,           KF_WS_PRIOR,    NULL);
 #ifdef SWM_DEBUG
        setkeybinding(MODKEY_SHIFT,     XK_d,           KF_DUMPWINS,    NULL);
@@ -6414,24 +6729,25 @@ clear_keys(void)
 int
 setkeymapping(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
 {
-       char                    keymapping_file[PATH_MAX];
+       char                    *keymapping_file;
 
        /* suppress unused warnings since vars are needed */
        (void)selector;
        (void)flags;
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "setkeymapping: enter\n");
-       if (value[0] == '~')
-               snprintf(keymapping_file, sizeof keymapping_file, "%s/%s",
-                   pwd->pw_dir, &value[1]);
-       else
-               strlcpy(keymapping_file, value, sizeof keymapping_file);
+
+       keymapping_file = expand_tilde(value);
+
        clear_keys();
        /* load new key bindings; if it fails, revert to default bindings */
        if (conf_load(keymapping_file, SWM_CONF_KEYMAPPING)) {
                clear_keys();
                setup_keys();
        }
+
+       free(keymapping_file);
+
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_KEY, "setkeymapping: leave\n");
        return (0);
 }
@@ -6482,13 +6798,23 @@ grabkeys(void)
        modifiers[2] = XCB_MOD_MASK_LOCK;
        modifiers[3] = numlockmask | XCB_MOD_MASK_LOCK;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (k = 0; k < num_screens; k++) {
                if (TAILQ_EMPTY(&screens[k].rl))
                        continue;
                xcb_ungrab_key(conn, XCB_GRAB_ANY, screens[k].root,
                        XCB_MOD_MASK_ANY);
                RB_FOREACH(kp, key_tree, &keys) {
+                       /* Skip unused ws binds. */
+                       if ((int)kp->funcid > KF_WS_1 + workspace_limit - 1 &&
+                           kp->funcid <= KF_WS_22)
+                               continue;
+
+                       /* Skip unused mvws binds. */
+                       if ((int)kp->funcid > KF_MVWS_1 + workspace_limit - 1 &&
+                           kp->funcid <= KF_MVWS_22)
+                               continue;
+
                        if ((code = xcb_key_symbols_get_keycode(syms,
                                        kp->keysym))) {
                                for (j = 0; j < LENGTH(modifiers); j++)
@@ -6535,6 +6861,8 @@ const char *quirkname[] = {
        "XTERM_FONTADJ",
        "FULLSCREEN",
        "FOCUSPREV",
+       "NOFOCUSONMAP",
+       "FOCUSONMAP_SINGLE",
 };
 
 /* SWM_Q_WS: retain '|' for back compat for now (2009-08-11) */
@@ -6704,6 +7032,7 @@ enum {
        SWM_S_BAR_FORMAT,
        SWM_S_BAR_JUSTIFY,
        SWM_S_BORDER_WIDTH,
+       SWM_S_BOUNDARY_WIDTH,
        SWM_S_CLOCK_ENABLED,
        SWM_S_CLOCK_FORMAT,
        SWM_S_CYCLE_EMPTY,
@@ -6766,7 +7095,7 @@ setconfvalue(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
                        errx(1, "setconfvalue: bar_enabled_ws: invalid "
                            "workspace %d.", ws_id + 1);
 
-               num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+               num_screens = get_screen_count();
                for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
                        ws = (struct workspace *)&screens[i].ws;
                        ws[ws_id].bar_enabled = atoi(value);
@@ -6813,6 +7142,11 @@ setconfvalue(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
                if (border_width < 0)
                        border_width = 0;
                break;
+       case SWM_S_BOUNDARY_WIDTH:
+               boundary_width = atoi(value);
+               if (boundary_width < 0)
+                       boundary_width = 0;
+               break;
        case SWM_S_CLOCK_ENABLED:
                clock_enabled = atoi(value);
                break;
@@ -6908,8 +7242,6 @@ setconfvalue(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
                break;
        case SWM_S_TILE_GAP:
                tile_gap = atoi(value);
-               if (tile_gap < 0)
-                       tile_gap = 0;
                break;
        case SWM_S_TITLE_CLASS_ENABLED:
                title_class_enabled = atoi(value);
@@ -7097,7 +7429,7 @@ setlayout(char *selector, char *value, int flags)
                    "<master_grow>:<master_add>:<stack_inc>:<always_raise>:"
                    "<type>'");
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
                ws = (struct workspace *)&screens[i].ws;
                ws[ws_id].cur_layout = &layouts[st];
@@ -7163,6 +7495,7 @@ struct config_option configopt[] = {
        { "bar_justify",                setconfvalue,   SWM_S_BAR_JUSTIFY },
        { "bind",                       setconfbinding, 0 },
        { "border_width",               setconfvalue,   SWM_S_BORDER_WIDTH },
+       { "boundary_width",             setconfvalue,   SWM_S_BOUNDARY_WIDTH },
        { "clock_enabled",              setconfvalue,   SWM_S_CLOCK_ENABLED },
        { "clock_format",               setconfvalue,   SWM_S_CLOCK_FORMAT },
        { "color_focus",                setconfcolor,   SWM_S_COLOR_FOCUS },
@@ -7226,7 +7559,7 @@ int
 conf_load(const char *filename, int keymapping)
 {
        FILE                    *config;
-       char                    *line = NULL, *cp, *optsub, *optval;
+       char                    *line = NULL, *cp, *optsub, *optval = NULL;
        size_t                  linelen, lineno = 0;
        int                     wordlen, i, optidx;
        struct config_option    *opt = NULL;
@@ -7237,6 +7570,9 @@ conf_load(const char *filename, int keymapping)
                warnx("conf_load: no filename");
                return (1);
        }
+
+       DNPRINTF(SWM_D_CONF, "conf_load: open %s\n", filename);
+
        if ((config = fopen(filename, "r")) == NULL) {
                warn("conf_load: fopen: %s", filename);
                return (1);
@@ -7534,8 +7870,6 @@ manage_window(xcb_window_t id, uint16_t mapped)
        win->ewmh_flags = 0;
        win->s = r->s;  /* this never changes */
 
-       store_float_geom(win, r);
-
        /* Get WM_SIZE_HINTS. */
        xcb_icccm_get_wm_normal_hints_reply(conn,
            xcb_icccm_get_wm_normal_hints(conn, win->id),
@@ -7597,6 +7931,9 @@ manage_window(xcb_window_t id, uint16_t mapped)
                    ws_idx_str);
        }
 
+       /* WS must already be set for this to work. */
+       store_float_geom(win);
+
        /* Handle EWMH */
        ewmh_autoquirk(win);
 
@@ -7640,7 +7977,8 @@ manage_window(xcb_window_t id, uint16_t mapped)
 
        /* Make sure window is positioned inside its region, if its active. */
        if (win->ws->r) {
-               constrain_window(win, win->ws->r, 0);
+               region_containment(win, r, SWM_CW_ALLSIDES |
+                   SWM_CW_HARDBOUNDARY);
                update_window(win);
        }
 
@@ -7742,7 +8080,7 @@ expose(xcb_expose_event_t *e)
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "expose: window: 0x%x\n", e->window);
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].rl, entry)
                        if (e->window == WINID(r->bar))
@@ -8105,10 +8443,13 @@ destroynotify(xcb_destroy_notify_event_t *e)
        unmanage_window(win);
        stack();
 
-       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
+       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW && WS_FOCUSED(win->ws)) {
                if (win->ws->focus_pending) {
                        focus_win(win->ws->focus_pending);
                        win->ws->focus_pending = NULL;
+               } else if (win == win->ws->focus) {
+                       xcb_set_input_focus(conn, XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT,
+                           win->ws->r->id, XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
                }
        }
 
@@ -8209,7 +8550,7 @@ enternotify(xcb_enter_notify_event_t *e)
                        /* If no windows on pointer region, then focus root. */
                        r = root_to_region(e->root, SWM_CK_POINTER);
                        if (r == NULL) {
-                               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "enterntoify: "
+                               DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "enternotify: "
                                    "NULL region; ignoring.\n");
                                return;
                        }
@@ -8224,7 +8565,7 @@ enternotify(xcb_enter_notify_event_t *e)
                focus_win(get_focus_magic(win));
        }
 
-       focus_flush();
+       xcb_flush(conn);
 }
 
 #ifdef SWM_DEBUG
@@ -8255,7 +8596,7 @@ mapnotify(xcb_map_notify_event_t *e)
        win->mapped = 1;
        set_win_state(win, XCB_ICCCM_WM_STATE_NORMAL);
 
-       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
+       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW && WS_FOCUSED(win->ws)) {
                if (win->ws->focus_pending == win) {
                        focus_win(win);
                        win->ws->focus_pending = NULL;
@@ -8278,7 +8619,7 @@ mappingnotify(xcb_mapping_notify_event_t *e)
 void
 maprequest(xcb_map_request_event_t *e)
 {
-       struct ws_win           *win;
+       struct ws_win           *win, *w = NULL;
        xcb_get_window_attributes_reply_t *war;
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "maprequest: win 0x%x\n",
@@ -8302,8 +8643,29 @@ maprequest(xcb_map_request_event_t *e)
            (war->map_state == XCB_MAP_STATE_VIEWABLE));
 
        /* The new window should get focus; prepare. */
-       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW)
-               win->ws->focus_pending = get_focus_magic(win);
+       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW &&
+           !(win->quirks & SWM_Q_NOFOCUSONMAP)) {
+               if (win->quirks & SWM_Q_FOCUSONMAP_SINGLE) {
+                       /* See if other wins of same type are already mapped. */
+                       TAILQ_FOREACH(w, &win->ws->winlist, entry) {
+                               if (w == win || !w->mapped)
+                                       continue;
+
+                               if (w->ch.class_name &&
+                                   win->ch.class_name &&
+                                   !strcmp(w->ch.class_name,
+                                   win->ch.class_name) &&
+                                   w->ch.instance_name &&
+                                   win->ch.instance_name &&
+                                   !strcmp(w->ch.instance_name,
+                                   win->ch.instance_name))
+                                       break;
+                       }
+               }
+
+               if (w == NULL)
+                       win->ws->focus_pending = get_focus_magic(win);
+       }
 
        /* All windows need to be mapped if they are in the current workspace.*/
        if (win->ws->r)
@@ -8333,7 +8695,10 @@ motionnotify(xcb_motion_notify_event_t *e)
 
        last_event_time = e->time;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       if (focus_mode == SWM_FOCUS_MANUAL)
+               return;
+
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                if (screens[i].root == e->root)
                        break;
@@ -8384,6 +8749,7 @@ void
 propertynotify(xcb_property_notify_event_t *e)
 {
        struct ws_win           *win;
+       struct workspace        *ws;
 #ifdef SWM_DEBUG
        char                    *name;
 
@@ -8397,28 +8763,40 @@ propertynotify(xcb_property_notify_event_t *e)
        if (win == NULL)
                return;
 
+       ws = win->ws;
+
        last_event_time = e->time;
 
        if (e->atom == a_swm_iconic) {
                if (e->state == XCB_PROPERTY_NEW_VALUE) {
                        if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW)
-                               win->ws->focus_pending = get_focus_prev(win);
+                               ws->focus_pending = get_focus_prev(win);
 
                        unfocus_win(win);
                        unmap_window(win);
 
-                       if (win->ws->r) {
+                       if (ws->r) {
                                stack();
-                               if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
-                                       focus_win(win->ws->focus_pending);
-                                       win->ws->focus_pending = NULL;
+
+                               if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW &&
+                                   WS_FOCUSED(ws)) {
+                                       if (ws->focus_pending) {
+                                               focus_win(ws->focus_pending);
+                                               ws->focus_pending = NULL;
+                                       } else {
+                                               xcb_set_input_focus(conn,
+                                                   XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT,
+                                                   ws->r->id,
+                                                   XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
+                                       }
                                }
+
                                focus_flush();
                        }
                } else if (e->state == XCB_PROPERTY_DELETE) {
                        /* The window is no longer iconic, restack ws. */
                        if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW)
-                               win->ws->focus_pending = get_focus_magic(win);
+                               ws->focus_pending = get_focus_magic(win);
 
                        stack();
 
@@ -8428,11 +8806,11 @@ propertynotify(xcb_property_notify_event_t *e)
        } else if (e->atom == a_state) {
                /* State just changed, make sure it gets focused if mapped. */
                if (e->state == XCB_PROPERTY_NEW_VALUE) {
-                       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
+                       if (focus_mode != SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW && WS_FOCUSED(ws)) {
                                if (win->mapped &&
-                                   win->ws->focus_pending == win) {
-                                       focus_win(win->ws->focus_pending);
-                                       win->ws->focus_pending = NULL;
+                                   ws->focus_pending == win) {
+                                       focus_win(ws->focus_pending);
+                                       ws->focus_pending = NULL;
                                }
                        }
                }
@@ -8484,13 +8862,15 @@ unmapnotify(xcb_unmap_notify_event_t *e)
                if (ws->r)
                        stack();
 
-               if (focus_mode == SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
-                       if (ws->r)
+               if (WS_FOCUSED(ws)) {
+                       if (focus_mode == SWM_FOCUS_FOLLOW) {
                                focus_win(get_pointer_win(ws->r->s->root));
-               } else {
-                       if (ws->focus_pending) {
+                       } else if (ws->focus_pending) {
                                focus_win(ws->focus_pending);
                                ws->focus_pending = NULL;
+                       } else if (ws->focus == NULL) {
+                               xcb_set_input_focus(conn, XCB_INPUT_FOCUS_PARENT,
+                                   ws->r->id, XCB_CURRENT_TIME);
                        }
                }
        }
@@ -8538,7 +8918,10 @@ clientmessage(xcb_client_message_event_t *e)
 
        if (e->type == ewmh[_NET_ACTIVE_WINDOW].atom) {
                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "clientmessage: _NET_ACTIVE_WINDOW\n");
-               focus_win(win);
+               if (WS_FOCUSED(win->ws))
+                       focus_win(win);
+               else
+                       win->ws->focus_pending = win;
        }
        if (e->type == ewmh[_NET_CLOSE_WINDOW].atom) {
                DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "clientmessage: _NET_CLOSE_WINDOW\n");
@@ -8625,7 +9008,7 @@ enable_wm(void)
        xcb_generic_error_t     *error;
 
        /* this causes an error if some other window manager is running */
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
                if ((sc = get_screen(i)) == NULL)
                        errx(1, "ERROR: can't get screen %d.", i);
@@ -8757,7 +9140,7 @@ scan_xrandr(int i)
        if ((screen = get_screen(i)) == NULL)
                errx(1, "ERROR: can't get screen %d.", i);
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        if (i >= num_screens)
                errx(1, "scan_xrandr: invalid screen");
 
@@ -8838,7 +9221,7 @@ screenchange(xcb_randr_screen_change_notify_event_t *e)
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_EVENT, "screenchange: root: 0x%x\n", e->root);
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        /* silly event doesn't include the screen index */
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                if (screens[i].root == e->root)
@@ -8889,7 +9272,7 @@ grab_windows(void)
        xcb_get_property_cookie_t               pc;
 
        DNPRINTF(SWM_D_INIT, "grab_windows: begin\n");
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
                qtc = xcb_query_tree(conn, screens[i].root);
                qtr = xcb_query_tree_reply(conn, qtc, NULL);
@@ -8987,7 +9370,7 @@ setup_screens(void)
        xcb_randr_query_version_cookie_t        c;
        xcb_randr_query_version_reply_t         *r;
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        if ((screens = calloc(num_screens,
             sizeof(struct swm_screen))) == NULL)
                err(1, "setup_screens: calloc: failed to allocate memory for "
@@ -9088,10 +9471,7 @@ setup_globals(void)
        a_prot = get_atom_from_string("WM_PROTOCOLS");
        a_delete = get_atom_from_string("WM_DELETE_WINDOW");
        a_takefocus = get_atom_from_string("WM_TAKE_FOCUS");
-       a_wmname = get_atom_from_string("WM_NAME");
-       a_netwmname = get_atom_from_string("_NET_WM_NAME");
        a_utf8_string = get_atom_from_string("UTF8_STRING");
-       a_string = get_atom_from_string("STRING");
        a_swm_iconic = get_atom_from_string("_SWM_ICONIC");
        a_swm_ws = get_atom_from_string("_SWM_WS");
 }
@@ -9106,7 +9486,7 @@ workaround(void)
        /* work around sun jdk bugs, code from wmname */
        netwmcheck = get_atom_from_string("_NET_SUPPORTING_WM_CHECK");
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++) {
                root = screens[i].root;
 
@@ -9120,7 +9500,8 @@ workaround(void)
                xcb_change_property(conn, XCB_PROP_MODE_REPLACE, win,
                    netwmcheck, XCB_ATOM_WINDOW, 32, 1, &win);
                xcb_change_property(conn, XCB_PROP_MODE_REPLACE, win,
-                   a_netwmname, a_utf8_string, 8, strlen("LG3D"), "LG3D");
+                   ewmh[_NET_WM_NAME].atom, a_utf8_string, 8, strlen("LG3D"),
+                   "LG3D");
        }
 }
 
@@ -9141,7 +9522,7 @@ shutdown_cleanup(void)
 
        teardown_ewmh();
 
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; ++i) {
                if (screens[i].bar_gc != 0)
                        xcb_free_gc(conn, screens[i].bar_gc);
@@ -9348,6 +9729,8 @@ noconfig:
        if (cfile)
                conf_load(cfile, SWM_CONF_DEFAULT);
 
+       validate_spawns();
+
        setup_ewmh();
        /* set some values to work around bad programs */
        workaround();
@@ -9358,7 +9741,7 @@ noconfig:
                setenv("SWM_STARTED", "YES", 1);
 
        /* setup all bars */
-       num_screens = xcb_setup_roots_length(xcb_get_setup(conn));
+       num_screens = get_screen_count();
        for (i = 0; i < num_screens; i++)
                TAILQ_FOREACH(r, &screens[i].rl, entry)
                        bar_setup(r);
@@ -9420,11 +9803,11 @@ noconfig:
 
                if (stdin_ready) {
                        stdin_ready = 0;
-                       if (bar_extra_update()) {
-                               bar_draw();
-                               xcb_flush(conn);
-                       }
+                       bar_extra_update();
                }
+
+               bar_draw();
+               xcb_flush(conn);
        }
 done:
        shutdown_cleanup();